Cashless transaction clearinghouse

ABSTRACT

A disclosed cashless instrument transaction clearinghouse provides clearinghouse server including a network interface allowing the cashless instrument transaction clearinghouse to communicate with a number of gaming properties and a processor configured to enable the validation of cashless instruments at a gaming property different from where the cashless instrument was generated. Methods are provided that allow a plurality of cashless gaming devices located at different gaming properties to communicate with one another via the cashless instrument transaction clearinghouse in a secure manner using symmetric and asymmetric encryption techniques. Further, to reduce the possibilities of theft and fraud, the methods allow a receiver of a message to authenticate an identity of a sender of a message.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 09/648,382 entitled “AN AWARD TICKET CLEARINGHOUSE”, filed Aug.25, 2000 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,394,907; which claims priority under 35U.S.C. § 119(e) from co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.60/200,329, filed Apr. 28, 2000, naming Rick Rowe as inventors, andtitled “AN AWARD TICKET CLEARINGHOUSE,” each of which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to game playing services for gaming machines suchas slot machines and video poker machines. More particularly, thepresent invention relates to methods of utilizing cashless instrumentson gaming machines.

There are a wide variety of associated devices that can be connected toa gaming machine such as a slot machine or video poker machine. Someexamples of these devices are lights, ticket printers, card readers,speakers, bill validators, ticket readers, coin acceptors, displaypanels, key pads, coin hoppers and button pads. Many of these devicesare built into the gaming machine or components associated with thegaming machine such as a top box which usually sits on top of the gamingmachine.

Typically, utilizing a master gaming controller, the gaming machinecontrols various combinations of devices that allow a player to play agame on the gaming machine and also encourage game play on the gamingmachine. For example, a game played on a gaming machine usually requiresa player to input money or indicia of credit into the gaming machine,indicate a wager amount, and initiate a game play. These steps requirethe gaming machine to control input devices, including bill validatorsand coin acceptors, to accept money into the gaming machine andrecognize user inputs from devices, including key pads and button pads,to determine the wager amount and initiate game play. After game playhas been initiated, the gaming machine determines a game outcome,presents the game outcome to the player and may dispense an award ofsome type depending on the outcome of the game.

As technology in the gaming industry progresses, the traditional methodof dispensing coins or tokens as awards for winning game outcomes isbeing supplemented by ticket dispensers which print ticket vouchers thatmay be exchanged for cash or accepted as credit of indicia in othergaming machines for additional game play. An award ticket system, whichallows award ticket vouchers to be dispensed and utilized by othergaming machines, increases the operational efficiency of maintaining agaming machine and simplifies the player pay out process. An example ofan award ticket system is the EZ pay ticket system by International GameTechnology of Reno, Nevada. Award ticket systems and systems using othercashless mediums are referred to as cashless systems.

Cashless systems, such as the EZ pay ticket system, provide advantagesto both game players and casino operators. For example, many playersfind it more convenient to carry an award ticket than a large number ofcoins. For gaming machine operators cashless systems tend to reducegaming machine operating costs. For example, the infrastructure neededto remove and count indicia of credit (e.g. coins, tokens, bills) fromthe gaming machine may be eliminated or minimized when it is replacedwith a cashless system, which reduces the gaming machine operatingcosts. Further, coin dust, which is potentially damaging to thecomponents of the gaming machine (e.g. electronic components) may beeliminated or minimized when coin acceptors are replaced with thecashless system.

Currently, cashless systems have become very popular and have beenembraced by customers. For example, ticket vouchers that are generatedupon cash-out and redeemed for cash or gaming machine credits within aparticular casino are well accepted by game players. However, the ticketvouchers are only redeemable at the casino or the local property wherethe ticket was generated. Thus, the customer is not allowed to take theticket voucher generated at one casino property and redeem the ticketvoucher at another casino property. The limited redemption capabilitiesof cashless systems, including ticket vouchers, may be undesirable to anentertainment corporation that owns multiple casino properties. Theentertainment corporation may desire that their customers have theability to take a ticket voucher generated in one property to any of theother properties owned by the entertainment corporation.

Also, multi-site cashless capabilities may be desirable for an area orregion such as the Las Vegas strip where a customer could cash out incasino A where a ticket voucher is generated. The customer could thentake this ticket down the Las Vegas strip and into casino B where itcould be inserted into a gaming machine's bill acceptor and redeemed forcredit. In this example, casino A and casino B may or may not be ownedby the same entertainment corporation. This type of multi-sitevalidation capability is not possible with current cashless systems.Thus, in view of the above, it would be desirable to provide apparatusand methods for cashless systems that allow a cashless medium, includingan award ticket voucher, generated at one site using one type ofcashless system to be validated at a second site using the same or adifferent cashless system.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention addresses the needs indicated above by providing acashless instrument transaction clearinghouse including a networkinterface allowing the cashless instrument transaction clearinghouse tocommunicate with a number of gaming properties and a processorconfigured to enable the validation of cashless instruments at a gamingproperty different from where the cashless instrument was generated.Methods are provided that allow a plurality of cashless gaming deviceslocated at different gaming properties to communicate with one anothervia the cashless instrument transaction clearinghouse in a secure mannerusing symmetric and asymmetric encryption techniques. Further, to reducethe possibilities of theft and fraud, the methods allow a receiver of amessage to authenticate an identity of a sender of a message.

One aspect of the present invention provides a cashless instrumenttransaction network for generating cashless transactions between aplurality of separate gaming properties, each of which generates andvalidates cashless instruments. The cashless instrument transactionnetwork may be generally characterized as comprising: 1) a cashlessinstrument transaction clearinghouse, 2) at least one cashless gamingdevice, located at each of the plurality of separate gaming properties,that communicates with cashless instrument clearinghouse; and 3) anetwork allowing communication between the cashless instrumentclearinghouse and the cashless gaming devices. The cashless instrumenttransaction clearinghouse in the cashless instrument transaction networkmay comprise: (i) a network interface allowing the cashless instrumenttransaction clearinghouse to communicate with each of the separategaming properties; and (ii) a processor configured or designed to (a)receive cashless instrument validation requests via the networkinterface from a first property for a cashless instrument presented atthe first property where the cashless instrument was generated at asecond property (b) send information, via the network, to the secondproperty requesting the second property to approve or reject thecashless instrument validation request.

In particular embodiments, the processor may be further designed orconfigured to encrypt and decrypt cashless transaction information. Forinstance, the cashless transaction clearinghouse may further comprise amemory device that stores cashless gaming device public encryption keysfor each of the cashless gaming devices in the cashless transactionnetwork and a memory device that stores a clearinghouse privateencryption key. With the encryption keys, the processor may be furtherdesigned or configured for one or more of the following: 1) to decryptcashless transaction information encrypted with a cashless gaming deviceprivate encryption key using a corresponding cashless gaming devicepublic encryption key, 2) to encrypt cashless transaction informationusing the public encryption keys, 3) to decrypt cashless transactioninformation encrypted with a clearinghouse public encryption key usingthe clearinghouse private encryption key and 4) to encrypt cashlesstransaction information using the clearinghouse private encryption key.

In other embodiments, the cashless gaming devices may encrypt and maydecrypt cashless transaction information. For instance, the gamingdevices may each further comprise a memory device storing aclearinghouse public encryption key and a gaming device privateencryption key. With the encryption keys, the gaming devices may encryptcashless transaction information using the clearinghouse publicencryption key and may decrypt cashless transaction informationencrypted with a clearinghouse private key using the clearinghousepublic encryption key. Further, the gaming devices may encrypts cashlesstransaction information using the gaming device private encryption keyand may decrypt cashless transaction information encrypted with a gamingdevice public encryption key using the gaming device private encryptionkey.

In yet other embodiments, the network may comprise a local area network,a wide area network, the Internet, a private intranet and combinationsthereof. The cashless gaming device may selected from the groupconsisting of a gaming machine, a hand-held computing device, a clerkvalidation terminal and a cashless server. Further, the processor inclearinghouse may be further designed or configured to allow promotionalcredits issued to a cashless instrument at a first gaming property to beused for game play at a second gaming property.

Another aspect of the present invention provides a method in a cashlessinstrument transaction clearinghouse of communicating with a pluralityof gaming properties each of which generates and validates cashlessinstruments. The method may be generally characterized as comprising: 1)sending a clearinghouse public encryption key to a cashless gamingdevice at each of the plurality of gaming properties wherein theclearinghouse public encryption key is part of a public-privateencryption key pair generated at the clearinghouse; 2) receiving apublic encryption key from a gaming device at each of the plurality ofgaming properties wherein each public encryption key is a part of apublic-private encryption key pair generated at each property; 3)authenticating a sender of each of the public encryption keys receivedat the clearinghouse; 4) generating a message for each property whereinthe message includes information at least encrypted with the property'spublic encryption key and a clearinghouse private encryption pair thatis part of the public-private encryption key pair generated at theclearinghouse; and sending the message to each property where thecashless instrument transaction clearinghouse at least (i) receivescashless instrument validation requests from a first property for acashless instrument presented at the first property where the cashlessinstrument was generated at a second property and (ii) sends informationto a second gaming property requesting the second property to approve orreject the cashless instrument validation request.

Another aspect of the present invention provides a method in an cashlessinstrument transaction clearinghouse of communicating with a pluralityof gaming properties each of which generates and validates cashlessinstruments. The method may be generally characterized as comprising: 1)receiving a first message addressed to a second property from a firstproperty wherein the message includes encrypted cashless transactioninformation; 2) authenticating an identity of the first message sender;3) decrypting the encrypted cashless transaction information; 4)identifying an address for the second property; 5) encrypting thecashless transaction information for second message addressed to thesecond property; and sending the second message with the encryptedcashless transaction information to the second property where thecashless instrument transaction clearinghouse at least (i) receivescashless instrument validation requests from a first property for acashless instrument presented at the first property where the cashlessinstrument was generated at a second property and (ii) sends informationto a second gaming property requesting the second property to approve orreject the cashless instrument validation request. In particularembodiments, the method may also comprise one or more of the following:a) operating on the cashless transaction information, b) storing thecashless transaction information and c) translating the cashlesstransaction information from a first format used by the first propertyto a second format used by the second property.

In other embodiments, the cashless information in the first message maybe encrypted with a symmetric encryption key. In addition, the cashlesstransaction information in the first message may be encrypted using apublic-private encryption key pair. Further, the first message mayinclude an encrypted symmetric encryption key. Thus, the method maycomprise decrypting the symmetric encryption key. The symmetricencryption key may be encrypted at the first property using apublic-private encryption key pair. In another embodiment, the symmetricencryption key may be encrypted twice at the first property using afirst property private encryption key from a first public-privateencryption key pair and using a clearinghouse public encryption key froma second public-private encryption key pair. Thus, the symmetricencryption key may be decrypted at the clearinghouse using a firstproperty public encryption key from the first public-private encryptionkey pair and may be decrypted using a clearinghouse private encryptionkey from the second public-private encryption key pair.

In yet other embodiments, the cashless transaction information for thesecond message may be encrypted with a symmetric encryption key. Asanother example, the cashless transaction information for the secondmessage may be encrypted using a public-private key pair. Thus, themethod may also comprise: a) generating a first symmetric encryptionkey; b) encrypting the cashless transaction information for the secondmessage with the first symmetric encryption key; c) encrypting the firstsymmetric encryption key; and 4) generating the second message with theencrypted first symmetric encryption key and the encrypted cashlesstransaction information. In particular, the first symmetric encryptionkey may be encrypted at the clearinghouse using a clearinghouse privateencryption key from a first public-private encryption key pair and usinga public encryption key from a second public-private encryption keypair.

In one embodiment, the method may comprise receiving from the secondparty a third message and authenticating the message sender. Forexample, the method may comprise: i) receiving from the second party athird message comprising at least encrypted cashless transactioninformation and an encrypted second symmetric encryption key; ii)decrypting the second symmetric encryption key and iii) comparing thesecond symmetric encryption key to the first symmetric encryption key toauthenticate the message sender.

Another aspect of the present invention provides a method in a firstcashless gaming device located at a first gaming property whichgenerates and validates cashless instruments of communicatinginstruments via a cashless instrument transaction clearinghouse with asecond cashless gaming device located at a second gaming property whichgenerates and validates cashless. The method may be generallycharacterized as comprising: 1) generating cashless transactioninformation; 2) encrypting the cashless transaction information; and 3)sending a first message addressed to the second gaming property with atleast the cashless transaction information to the cashless transactionclearinghouse where the cashless instrument transaction clearinghouse atleast (i) receives cashless instrument validation requests from a firstproperty for a cashless instrument presented at the first property wherethe cashless instrument was generated at a second property and (ii)sends information to a second gaming property requesting the secondproperty to approve or reject the cashless instrument validationrequest. The gaming device may be selected from the group consisting ofa gaming machine, a cashless server, a hand-held computing device and aclerk validation terminal. In particular embodiments, the method mayalso comprise: a) generating the first message and/or b) receiving asecond message from the cashless instrument transaction clearinghouse;and authenticating a sender of the second message.

In other embodiments, the cashless transaction information may beencrypted with one or more of a symmetric encryption key, a publicencryption key of a public-private encryption key pair, a privateencryption key of a public-private encryption key pair and combinationsthereof. Thus, the method may decrypting cashless transactioninformation included in the second message where the information isdecrypted with one or more of a symmetric encryption key, a publicencryption key of a public-private encryption key pair, a privateencryption key of a public-private encryption key pair and combinationsthereof. Further, the method may comprise one or more of the following:i) generating a symmetric encryption key and encrypting the cashlessinstrument information with the symmetric encryption key, ii) encryptingthe symmetric encryption key; generating a second message with theencrypted symmetric encryption key and the encrypted cashless instrumentinformation; and sending the second message to the cashless instrumenttransaction clearinghouse.

Another aspect of the present invention may provide a method in acashless gaming device of authenticating a public encryption key from acashless transaction instrument clearinghouse. The method may begenerally characterized as comprising: 1) generating a symmetricencryption key using a seed shared with the clearinghouse; 2) encryptinga first information sequence with the symmetric encryption key; 3)sending a first message with the encrypted first information sequence tothe clearinghouse, 4) receiving a second message with an encryptedsecond information sequence and encrypted clearinghouse publicencryption key from the clearinghouse; 5) decrypting the secondinformation sequence with the symmetric encryption key; and 6)authenticating the sender of the second message using the firstinformation sequence and the second information sequence where thecashless instrument transaction clearinghouse at least (i) receivescashless instrument validation requests from a first gaming property fora cashless instrument presented at the first property where the cashlessinstrument was generated at a second property and (ii) sends informationto a second gaming property requesting the second property to approve orreject the cashless instrument validation request.

In particular embodiments, the method may also comprise one or more ofthe following: a) decrypting the clearinghouse public encryption keywith the symmetric encryption key and storing the clearinghouse publicencryption key, b) comparing the first information sequence to thesecond information sequence, c) receiving the seed from theclearinghouse, d) generating the first message, e) encryptinginformation with the clearinghouse public encryption key and sending amessage with the encrypted information to the clearinghouse. In otherembodiments, the first information sequence may be a random noisesequence. Further, the first information sequence and the secondinformation sequence are identical. Finally, the cashless instrument isselected from the group consisting of a smart card, a debit card, abarcoded ticket and an EZ pay ticket voucher.

Another aspect of the present invention provides a method in a cashlessinstrument transaction clearinghouse of sending a public encryption keyto a cashless gaming device. The method may be generally characterizedas comprising: 1) generating a symmetric encryption key using a seedshared with the cashless gaming device; 2) receiving a first messagewith an encrypted information sequence from the cashless gaming device;3) decrypting the information sequence with the symmetric encryptionkey; 4) encrypting the information sequence with the symmetricencryption key; 5) encrypting a clearinghouse public encryption key withthe symmetric encryption key; and 6) sending a second message, with (i)the information sequence encrypted with symmetric encryption key and(ii) the public encrypted key encrypted with the symmetric encryptionkey, to the clearinghouse; where the cashless instrument transactionclearinghouse at least (i) receives cashless instrument validationrequests from a first gaming property for a cashless instrumentpresented at the first property where the cashless instrument wasgenerated at a second property and (ii) sends information to a secondgaming property requesting the second property to approve or reject thecashless instrument validation request.

In particular embodiments, the method may also comprise: a) generating aencryption key pair including the clearinghouse public key and aclearinghouse private key and/or b) generating the second message. Theinformation sequence may be a random noise sequence. The cashlessinstrument may be selected from the group consisting of a smart card, adebit card, a bar-coded ticket and an EZ pay ticket voucher.

Another aspect of the present invention provides, a method in a cashlessgaming device of sending a public encryption key to a cashlessinstrument transaction clearinghouse and authenticating the publicencryption key has been received by the clearinghouse. The method may begenerally characterized as comprising: a) generating a symmetricencryption key using a seed shared with the clearinghouse; b) encryptinga cashless gaming device public encryption key with the symmetricencryption key; c) encrypting the cashless gaming device publicencryption key with a clearinghouse public encryption key; d) sending afirst message with the doubly encrypted cashless gaming device publicencryption key to the clearinghouse; e) receiving a second message withan encrypted information sequence; f) decrypting the informationsequence with the clearinghouse public encryption key; g) decrypting theinformation sequence decrypted with clearinghouse public encryption keywith the symmetric encryption key; and h) authenticating the sender ofthe second message using the cashless gaming device public encryptionkey and the information sequence where the cashless instrumenttransaction clearinghouse at least (i) receives cashless instrumentvalidation requests from a first gaming property for a cashlessinstrument presented at the first property where the cashless instrumentwas generated at a second property and (ii) sends information to asecond gaming property requesting the second property to approve orreject the cashless instrument validation request.

In particular embodiments, the method may also comprise: 1) comparingthe information sequence to the cashless gaming device public encryptionkey, 2) generating an encryption key pair including the cashless gamingdevice public key and a cashless gaming device private key, 3)generating the first message, 4) receiving the seed from theclearinghouse, 5) receiving the clearinghouse public encryption key fromthe clearinghouse, and 6) authenticating an identity of the sender ofthe clearinghouse public encryption key.

Another aspect of the present invention provides a method in a cashlessinstrument transaction clearinghouse of receiving a public encryptionkey from a cashless gaming device and authenticating an identity of thecashless gaming device. The method may be generally characterized ascomprising: 1) generating a symmetric encryption key using a seed sharedwith the cashless gaming device; 2) receiving a first message with anencrypted cashless gaming device public encryption key from the cashlessgaming device; 3) decrypting the information sequence with the symmetricencryption key; 4) decrypting the cashless gaming device publicencryption key with the symmetric encryption key; 5) decrypting thecashless gaming device public encryption key with a clearing houseprivate encryption key; 6) encrypting the cashless gaming device publicencryption key with the clearinghouse public encryption key; 7)encrypting the cashless gaming device public encryption key encryptedwith the clearinghouse public encryption key with the symmetricencryption key; and 8) sending a second message with the doublyencrypted cashless gaming device public encryption key to theclearinghouse where the cashless instrument transaction clearinghouse atleast (i) receives cashless instrument validation requests from a firstgaming property for a cashless instrument presented at the firstproperty where the cashless instrument was generated at a secondproperty and (ii) sends information to a second gaming propertyrequesting the second property to approve or reject the cashlessinstrument validation request. The method may also comprise: a) storingthe cashless gaming device public encryption key and/or b) sendinginformation encrypted with the cashless gaming device public encryptionkey to the cashless gaming device.

Another aspect of the invention pertains to computer program productsincluding a machine-readable medium on which is stored programinstructions for implementing any of the methods described above. Any ofthe methods of this invention may be represented as program instructionsand/or data structures, databases, etc. that can be provided on suchcomputer readable media.

These and other features of the present invention will be presented inmore detail in the following detailed description of the invention andthe associated figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective drawing of a gaming machine having a top box andother devices.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the components of an cashless system usingthe EZ pay ticket voucher system.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of cashless systems at multiple propertiesconnected to a cashless instrument transaction clearinghouse server.

FIG. 4 is an interaction diagram for a cashless instrument transactionbetween a clearinghouse, cashless servers, and cashlessgenerators/validators where the cashless instrument is generated at adifferent location from where it is validated.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart depicting a method of validating a cashlessinstrument transaction at a cashless instrument transactionclearinghouse.

FIG. 6 is a flow chart depicting a method of validating a non-locallyowned cashless instrument at a cashless transaction validation sitelocal to the cashless server.

FIG. 7 is a flow chart depicting a method of validating a cashlessinstrument at a cashless transaction validation site non-local to thecashless server containing a record of the cashless instrument.

FIG. 8 is a screen shot of a graphical user interface used to analyzecashless instrument transactions in accordance with this invention.

FIG. 9 is an interaction diagram depicting a method of generating securecommunications between a cashless instrument clearinghouse and one ormore cashless gaming devices.

FIG. 10 is an interaction diagram depicting a method of issuing aclearinghouse public encryption key in a public-private encryption keypair to a cashless gaming device at a gaming property.

FIG. 11 is an interaction diagram depicting a method of issuing acashless gaming device public encryption key in a public-privateencryption key pair to a cashless instrument transaction clearinghouse.

FIGS. 12A and 12B is a flow chart depicting methods of generatingencrypted and authenticated communications between gaming properties ina cashless instrument transaction network using a cashless instrumenttransaction clearinghouse.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Turning first to FIG. 1, a video gaming machine 200 of the presentinvention is shown. Machine 200 includes a main cabinet 204, whichgenerally surrounds the machine interior (not shown) and is viewable byusers. The main cabinet includes a main door 208 on the front of themachine, which opens to provide access to the interior of the machine.Attached to the main door are player-input switches or buttons 232, acoin acceptor 228, and a bill validator 230, a coin tray 238, and abelly glass 240. Viewable through the main door is a video displaymonitor 234 and an information panel 236. The display monitor 234 willtypically be a cathode ray tube, high resolution flat-panel LCD, orother conventional electronically controlled video monitor. Theinformation panel 236 may be a back-lit, silk screened glass panel withlettering to indicate general game information including, for example,the number of coins played. The bill validator 230, player-inputswitches 232, video display monitor 234, and information panel aredevices used to play a game on the game machine 202. The devices arecontrolled by circuitry (not shown) housed inside the main cabinet 204of the machine 200. Many possible games, including traditional slotgames, video slot games, video poker, and video keno, may be providedwith gaming machines of this invention.

The gaming machine 200 includes a top box 206, which sits on top of themain cabinet 204. The top box 206 houses a number of devices, which maybe used to add features to a game being played on the gaming machine200, including speakers 210, 212, 214, a ticket printer 218 which mayprint bar-coded tickets 220, a key pad 222 for entering player trackinginformation, a florescent display 216 for displaying player trackinginformation, a card reader 224 for entering a magnetic striped cardcontaining player tracking information. Further, the top box 206 mayhouse different or additional devices than shown in FIG. 1. For example,the top box may contain a bonus wheel or a back-lit silk screened panelwhich may be used to add bonus features to the game being played on thegaming machine. During a game, these devices are controlled and powered,in part, by circuitry (not shown) housed within the main cabinet 204 ofthe machine 200.

Understand that gaming machine 200 is but one example from a wide rangeof gaming machine designs on which the present invention may beimplemented. For example, not all suitable gaming machines have topboxes or player tracking features. Further, some gaming machines havetwo or more game displays—mechanical and/or video. And, some gamingmachines are designed for bar tables and have displays that faceupwards. As another example, a game may be generated in on a hostcomputer and may be displayed on a remote terminal or a remote gamingdevice. The remote gaming device may be connected to the host computervia a network of some type such as a local area network, a wide areanetwork, an intranet or the Internet. The remote gaming device may be aportable gaming device such as but not limited to a cell phone, apersonal digital assistant, and a wireless game player. Still further,some machines may be designed entirely for cashless systems. Suchmachines may not include such features as bill validators, coinacceptors and coin trays. Instead, they may have only ticket readers,card readers and ticket dispensers. Those of skill in the art willunderstand that the present invention, as described below, can bedeployed on most any gaming machine now available or hereafterdeveloped.

Returning to the example of FIG. 1, when a user wishes to play thegaming machine 200, he or she inserts cash through the coin acceptor 228or bill validator 230. In addition, the player may use a cashlessinstrument of some type to register credits on the gaming machine 200.For example, the bill validator 230 may accept a printed ticket voucher,including 220, as an indicia of credit. As another example, the cardreader 224 may accept a debit card or a smart card containing cash orcredit information that may be used to register credits on the gamingmachine. Typically, the information contained on the cashlessinstrument, including the ticket voucher, smart card or debit card, isvalidated by a cashless system. The cashless instrument, including theticket voucher, smart card or debit card, may have been generated at thesame property, for example a first casino where the gaming machine 200is located or the ticket may have been generated at another property forexample a second casino. Details of the components of a cashless systemand validation methods used in a preferred embodiment of a cashlesssystem are described with reference to FIGS. 2-7.

The cashless instrument typically contains information used to registercredits on the gaming machine, including gaming machine 200, andvalidate the registration transaction. For example, when a ticketvoucher is used as a cashless instrument, the printed ticket voucher maycontain information including: 1) a ticket value, 2) a ticket issuedate, 3) a ticket issue time, 4) a ticket transaction number, 5) amachine ID, 6) a ticket issue location and 7) a ticket owner.Information such as the ticket value, the ticket issue date, the ticketissue time, the ticket number and the machine ID may be common tocashless systems that generate and validate tickets issued at a singleproperty. However, information such as the ticket issue location and theticket owner may be needed to allow multi-site generation and validationof cashless instruments. In addition, other types of information,besides the information listed above, may be stored on the cashlessinstrument. For example, the ticket may contain information regarding apromotional prize that may be won by the player when the ticket voucheris utilized in the gaming machine 200. The promotional prize may involvemultiple properties and particular types of gaming machines.

As another example, cashless instrument may be used to providepromotional credits to a game player. Promotional credits may be loadedonto the gaming machine 200 for game play only but may not be cashedout. A player may use the promotional credits to play the gaming machine200 and any winnings from the promotional credits may be cashed out bythe player. Using the present invention, the promotional credits may beissued on a cashless instrument at one site and played on gamingmachines at another site as part of a multi-site promotion.

The information on the cashless instrument may be recorded on thecashless instrument when the cashless instrument is generated. Forexample, in the case of the ticket voucher, the generation of the ticketvoucher may refer to the actual printing of the ticket voucher on paperor some other medium. A unique bar-code may be printed on the ticketvoucher which may be read with a bar-code scanner to obtain informationfrom the ticket. The ticket voucher, including 220, may be printed froma printer, including printer 218. In the case of the smart card or debitcard, the generation of the smart card or debit card refers to storingor encoding this information on the smart card or debit card. Thegeneration of the debit card or smart card may occur when the smart cardor debit card is inserted into the card reader 224 in the gaming machine200 or at another site where smart cards or debit cards are issued. Forexample, smart cards or debit cards may be generated at ATM liketerminals, at a cashier station when a player cashes out or prepaidsmart cards or debits may be purchased within the gaming property (e.g.casino).

During the course of a game, a player may be required to make a numberof decisions, which affect the outcome of the game. For example, aplayer may vary his or her wager on a particular game, select a prizefor a particular game, or make game decisions which affect the outcomeof a particular game. The player may make these choices using theplayer-input switches 232, the video display screen 234 or using someother device which enables a player to input information into the gamingmachine. During certain game events, the gaming machine 200 may displayvisual and auditory effects that can be perceived by the player. Theseeffects add to the excitement of a game, which makes a player morelikely to continue playing. Auditory effects include various sounds thatare projected by the speakers 210, 212, 214. Visual effects includeflashing lights, strobing lights or other patterns displayed from lightson the gaming machine 200 or from lights behind the belly glass 240.

After the player has completed a game, a cashless instrument may begenerated at the gaming machine 200. The cashless instrument may be aprinted ticket voucher, a smart card, debit card or other cashlessmedium. For example, the player may decide to cashout and may receivethe ticket 220 from the printer 218, which may be used for further gamesor to redeem a prize. Further, the player may receive a ticket 220 forfood, merchandise, game services or other promotions from the printer218 that may be used at the gaming property where the gaming machine islocated or at other gaming properties. The player may view cashlessinstrument transaction information on the video display screen 234 orthe florescent screen 216. For instance, when a player cashes out fromthe gaming machine, the value stored on the cashless instrument may bedisplayed using the video display 234. As another example, when apromotion ticket 220 is printed out from the printer 218 that is validat a number of other gaming properties, a map may be displayed on thevideo display screen indicating where the other gaming properties arelocated.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the components of a cashless system usingthe EZ pay ticket voucher system for one embodiment of the presentinvention. A cashless system is the hardware components and softwarecomponents needed to generate and validate cashless instruments.Components of an cashless system may include 1) data acquisitionhardware, 2) data storage hardware, 3) cashless instrument generationand validation hardware (e.g. printers, card readers, ticket acceptors,validation terminals, etc.), 3) auditing software, 4) cashlessinstrument validation software and 5) database software. Many types ofcashless systems are possible and are not limited to the componentslisted above or embodiments such as the EZ pay ticket voucher system.Typically, an cashless system is installed at each property utilizingcashless instruments. To allow multi-site validations of cashlessinstruments, the cashless systems at each property are linked to acashless instrument transaction clearinghouse. The relation of multiplecashless systems connected to a cashless instrument transactionclearinghouse are described with reference to FIG. 3. The details of ancashless system at one property are described below with reference toFIG. 2.

Returning to FIG. 2, a first group of gaming machines, 65, 66, 67, 68,and 69 is shown connected to a first clerk validation terminal (CVT) 60and a second group of gaming machines, 75, 76, 77, 78 and 79 is shownconnected to a second CVT 70. All of the gaming machines print ticketvouchers which may be exchanged for cash or accepted as credit ofindicia in other gaming machine located within the property 5. In thisexample, the ticket voucher serves as a cashless instrument. Inaddition, the gaming machines may accept ticket vouchers issued at adifferent property from property 5 where the different property utilizesthe same or a different cashless system as compared to property 5.

When the CVTs are not connected to one another, a ticket voucher printedfrom one gaming machine may be only be used as indicia of credit inanother gaming machine which is in a group of gaming machines connectedto the same clerk validation terminal. For example, a ticket voucherprinted from gaming machine 65 might be used as credit of indicia ingaming machines 66, 67, 68 and 69, which are each connected to the CVT60, but not in gaming machines 75, 76, 77, 78, and 79, which are eachconnected to the CVT 70. In an analogous manner, when the cashlesssystems from one property are not connected together then a ticketvouchers generated from gaming machine 66 may be not be used at propertydifferent from property 5.

The CVTs, 60 and 70, store cashless instrument transaction informationcorresponding to the outstanding cashless instrument, including ticketvouchers, smart cards and debit cards, that are waiting for redemption.In this embodiment, the CVTs are separate from the gaming machine.However, the cashless instrument information may be also be storedwithin each gaming machine or one gaming machine may functionally act asa CVT for a group of gaming machines eliminating the separate CVThardware. In addition, cashless instrument transaction information maybe stored in a cashless server including the EZ pay server 10. Thecashless instrument transaction information may be used when the ticketsare validated and cashed out or redeemed in some other manner. The CVTs60 and 70 may store the information for the ticket vouchers printed bythe gaming machines connected to the CVT. For example, CVT 60 storesticket voucher information for ticket vouchers printed by gamingmachines 65, 66, 67, 68, and 69. When a ticket is printed out, ticketinformation is sent to the CVT using a communication protocol of sometype from the gaming machine. For example, the gaming machine may sendtransaction information to the CVT which is part of the cashless systemusing the slot data system manufactured by Bally's Gaming Systems(Alliance Gaming Corporation, Las Vegas, Nev.) or the slot acquisitionsystem manufacture by IGT, Reno, Nev.

In this embodiment, when a player wishes to cash out a ticket, theplayer may redeem vouchers printed from a particular gaming machine atthe CVT associated with the gaming machine or any other CVT which ispart of the cashless system associated with the CVT. For example, sinceCVT 60 and CVT 70 are connected as part of a single cashless system tothe EZ pay server 10, a player may redeem vouchers or utilize vouchersat the gaming machines, the CVT's (60 or 70), the cashiers (25, 30, 35,and 40) or the wireless cashiers 58. The CVTs, cashiers, wirelesscashiers and gaming machines may be referred to as “cashless validationsites.” To cash out the ticket voucher, the ticket voucher is validatedby comparing information obtained from the ticket with informationstored within the CVT. After a ticket voucher has been cashed out, theCVT marks the ticket paid in a database to prevent a ticket voucher withsimilar information from being cashed multiple times.

Not all cashless systems may utilize CVTs, many of the functions of theCVT may be transferred to the cashless server, including the EZ payserver 10, eliminating the function within the CVT. For instance, thecashless instrument transaction information may be stored in thecashless server instead of the CVT. Thus, the need to store cashlessinstrument transaction information within the CVT may be eliminated.

In this embodiment using the EZ pay system, multiple groups of gamingmachines connected to CVTs are connected together in a cross validationnetwork 45. The cross validation network is typically comprised of oneor more concentrators 55 which accepts inputs from two or more CVTs andenables communications to and from the two or more CVTs using onecommunication line. The concentrator is connected to a front endcontroller 50 which may poll the CVTs for ticket voucher information.The front end controller is connected to an EZ pay server 10 which mayprovide a variety of information services for the award ticket systemincluding accounting 20 and administration 15.

In this invention, one hardware and software platform allowing cashlessinstruments to be utilized at all of the cashless validation sites (e.g.cashier stations, gaming machines, wireless cashiers and CVTs) within asingle property and across multiple properties is referred to as a“cashless server”. In this embodiment, the EZ pay server 10 may functionas the cashless server. Usually, the cashless server is a communicationnexus in the cross validation network. For instance, the EZ pay serveris connected to the cashiers, wireless devices, remote cashlessinstrument transaction clearinghouse, CVTs and the gaming machines viathe CVTs.

The cross validation network allows ticket vouchers generated by anygaming machine connected to the cross validation to be accepted by othergaming machines in the cross validation network 45. Additionally, thecross validation network allows a cashier at a cashier station 25, 30,and 35 to validate any ticket voucher generated from a gaming machinewithin the cross validation network 45. To cash out a ticket voucher, aplayer may present a ticket voucher at one of the cashier stations 25,30, and 35 or to a game service representative carrying a wirelessgaming device for validating ticket vouchers. A more complete discussionof the details of the wireless gaming device 58, including hardware andutilization, are described in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No.09/544,844 entitled a WIRELESS GAME ENVIRONMENT filed Apr. 7, 2000 byRowe the entire specification of which is incorporated herein byreference. Information obtained from the ticket voucher is used tovalidate the ticket by comparing information on the ticket withinformation stored on one of the CVTs connected to the cross validationnetwork. In addition, when the ticket voucher was issued at anotherproperty, the information on the ticket may be stored at the otherproperty. Thus, to validate the ticket voucher, the EZ pay server mayhave to communicate with the cashless instrument transactionclearinghouse via the remote connection 11 to obtain the informationnecessary to validate the ticket voucher.

As tickets are validated, this information may be sent to audit servicescomputer 40 providing audit services, the accounting computer 20providing accounting services or the administration computer 15providing administration services. In another embodiment, all of theseservices may be provided by the cashless server including the EZ payserver 10. Examples of auditing services, which may be provided bycashless system software residing on the auditing computer 40 include 1)session reconciliation reports, 2) soft count reports, 3) soft countverification reports, 4) soft count exception reports, 5) machine ticketstatus reports and 5) security access report. Examples of accountingservices, which may be provided by cashless system software residing onthe accounting computer 20 include 1) ticket issuance reports, 2) ticketliability reports, expired ticket reports, 3) expired ticket paidreports and 4) ticket redemption reports. Examples of administrationservices, which may be provided by cashless system software residing onthe administration computer 15 include 1) manual ticket receipt, 2)manual ticket report, 3) ticket validation report, 4) interim validationreport, 5) validation window closer report, 6) voided ticket receipt and7) voided ticket report.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of cashless systems at multiple gamingproperties connected to a cashless instrument transaction clearinghouseserver. At property 5 (described with reference to FIG. 2), property 104and property 118, three different embodiments of cashless systems areshown. At property 104, gaming machines 175, 176, 177, 178, 179 sendinformation to the clerk validation terminal 170. The CVT 170 sendsinformation to the cashless server and data acquisition system 100. Inthis embodiment, the functions of the controller 50 and concentrator 55,as described with reference to FIG. 2, are combined into the cashlessserver and data acquisition 100. The cashless instrument used onproperty 104 may be smart cards, magnetic cards, ticket vouchers,combinations of the three or other cashless mediums.

The cashless server 100 contains a communication interface used to sendinformation on cashless instruments generated on property 104 to theclearinghouse server 136 or request information on cashless instrumentsissued at other properties, including property 5 and property 118, thatare being validated at property 104 from the clearinghouse server 136.The cashless instrument transaction information sent to the cashlessserver 100 from the clearinghouse server 136 and received by theclearing house server from the cashless server 100 is transmitted viathe network connection 102. Details of information transmitted betweenthe cashless servers including 10, 100, 110 and the clearinghouse server136 in regards to multi-property cashless instrument validation aredescribed with reference to FIGS. 4, 5, 6 and 7.

At property 118, gaming machines 112, 113, 114, 115 and 116 areconnected to the cashless server and data acquisition system 110 via thelocal network 111. The local network 111 may be a wireless or wiredconnection system including fiber, copper or wireless cellular,combinations of all three or other connection systems. A separate CVT isnot shown in this embodiment. The functions of the CVT including storageof ticket information may be built into one or more the gaming machinesincluding 112, 113, 114, 115 and 116 or may be built into the cashlessserver 110. The information sent to the cashless server 100 from theclearinghouse server 136 and received by the clearing house server 136from the cashless server 100 is transmitted via the network connection102.

In one embodiment, the clearinghouse server resides on property 138separate from the other properties, including property 5, property 118and property 104, containing the cashless servers including 10, 100 and100. In other embodiments, the clearinghouse server 136 may reside atthe same property as one of the cashless servers. Communication betweenthe clearinghouse server 136 and the two or more cashless servers,including cashless servers 10, 100, 110, may be performed via thenetwork connections 120 and the network interface 134 residing withinthe clearinghouse server 134. The connections between the cashlessservers and the clearinghouse server 136 including 11, 102, 117 and 120,may comprise a dedicated communication network.

Components of the cashless instrument transaction clearinghouse server136 may include 1) a memory storage unit for storing cashless instrumenttransaction information in a transaction database 130, 2) a functionalrouter 132 enabling communication between the clearinghouse server anddifferent properties, 3) a CPU 131, 4) a memory 133 containing softwarefor implementing the clearinghouse functions and 5) the networkinterface. The transaction database 130 may contain on-going and pastcashless instrument transactions processed using the clearinghouseserver 136. The transaction database 130 may be implemented usingMicrosoft NT (Microsoft, Redmond, Wash.) and SQL (server querylanguage). The cashless servers, including 10, 100 and 110, may alsoutilize this database technology.

Cashless instrument transaction information for two or more gamingproperties may be stored in the clearinghouse server transactiondatabase 130. The properties may be owned by the same or differententities. The transaction database 130 may be accessed remotely by theproperties, including 5, 104, and 118, utilizing the clearinghouseserver 136. Further, the transaction database 130 may be used withanalysis software to analyze transactions routed through theclearinghouse server 136. An transaction analysis interface is describedwith reference to FIG. 8.

The transaction database 130 may be partitioned to according toproperties or ownership of properties to limit access to the database130. For example, when property 5, property 104 and property 118 areeach owned by different entities, each property may only analyzecashless instrument transactions relating to cashless instrumentsgenerated and validated at their own property stored at theclearinghouse server 136. Thus, the owners of property 5 may accessinformation relating to cashless instruments generated at property 5 andvalidated at properties 104 and 118 using the clearinghouse server 136and the owners of property 5 may access information relating to cashlessinstruments generated at properties 104 and 118 validated at property 5.However, the owners of property 5 would not be able to accessinformation in the database regarding cashless instruments generated atproperty 118 and validated at property 104. When more than one propertyis owned by a single entity, the single entity may be able to accesscashless instrument transaction information relating to ownership of allof the properties owned by the single entity. For instance, when thesingle entity owns properties 5 and 104, the single entity may accessthe transaction database 130 for transactions relating to cashlessinstruments generated at properties 5 and 104 and validated at any ofthe properties using the clearinghouse server 136. Additionally, thesingle entity may access the transaction database 130 for transactionsrelating to cashless instruments generated at any of the properties andvalidated at properties 5 and 104.

The router 132 may contain routing information that allows theclearinghouse server 136 to determine where a cashless instrument wasgenerated. The routing information is used when a cashless instrument isvalidated at a property different from the property where it wasgenerated. For example, routing information is needed when a cashlessinstrument is generated at property 5 but the cashless instrument isvalidated at property 104. Each cashless instrument may be generatedwith a unique property identifier stored within the cashless instrument.When a validation request for the cashless instrument is received by theclearinghouse server, a property routing table stored within the routermay be used by the server to determine where the cashless instrument wasgenerated and communication information allowing the clearinghouseserver 136 to communicate with the cashless server where the cashlessinstrument was generated.

The requirements associated with accounting and reporting of thecashless instrument information are dependent on the regulations withinthe jurisdiction. That being the case, the system is adaptable to thoseparticular regulations. In general, a cashless instrument with an awardamount may be considered to be analogous to a personal check written bythe property where it was generated. When the cashless instrument isvalidated, it is essentially cashed. This implies that the propertywhere the cashless instrument was generated must maintain a database ofdata related to those cashless instruments that were created on itsproperty. This is analogous to maintaining a bank account whose solepurpose is to cover the cashless instruments that were generated at theproperty. This property is usually responsible for maintaining itscashless instrument database and validating cashless instruments. When arequest to validate a cashless instrument is received by the cashlesssystem at a particular gaming property, the property has the option ofvalidating or rejecting the request. Once the property validates thecashless instrument, it is typically the responsibility of that propertyto insure its own cashless instrument transaction database is updated.At that time, the property which generated the cashless instrument, nowmust transfer the funds to the property requesting the validation. Thefund transfers may occur with each transaction or could be compiled in abatch to cover multiple ticket validation transactions on a periodicbasis, e.g. once a night. The cashless instrument transactionclearinghouse facilitates all associated electronic fund transfers(EFTs) and acts as a third party between the parties. Details of thesetransactions are described with reference to FIGS. 4, 5, 6 and 7.

FIG. 4 is an interaction diagram for a cashless instrument transactionbetween a clearinghouse, cashless servers, and cashlessgenerators/validators where the cashless instrument is generated at adifferent location from where it is validated. In 404, a player payout(e.g. award) is generated on a cashless instrument at a cashlessinstrument generation site 402 at property 100. The cashless instrumentgeneration site may include a gaming machine, a clerk validationterminal, a wireless validation terminal and a cashier station. Thecashless instrument may include a printed ticket voucher (e.g. EZ payticket), a smart card, a debit card and other cashless mediums. In 406,when the cashless instrument is generated, cashless instrumenttransaction information, including 1) a value, 2) an issue date, 3) anissue time, 4) a transaction number unique to the transaction, 5) amachine ID that generated the cashless instrument, 6) an issue locationand 7) an owner, may be transmitted to the cashless server 100. Thecashless instrument transaction information is also stored on thecashless instrument when the cashless instrument is generated in 404. In408, the cashless server may store the cashless instrument transactioninformation in a database. The transaction information stored in thedatabase is used when the cashless instrument is validated. Thevalidation process may be invoked when the cashless instrument isredeemed for cash or when the cashless instrument is used in a gamingmachine or other device that accepts the cashless instrument. Thevalidation process involves comparing the cashless instrumenttransaction information stored on the cashless instrument with thecashless instrument transaction information stored in the cashlessserver database.

In 410, a game player takes the cashless instrument generated atproperty 100 to property 5. In 412, the game player presents thecashless instrument for a cashless payout at a cashless transactionvalidation site 400 at property 5. The cashless transaction validationsite may include a gaming machine, a cashier station, a clerk validationterminal, a wireless validation device and any other devices whichaccept cashless instruments. For instance, when a debit card is used asthe cashless instrument, the game player may be able to directly depositthe award on the debit card into a bank account accessible to the gameplayer. In 414, a validation request is sent from the cashlesstransaction validation site 400 to the cashless server 10. Thevalidation request may be an information packet containing thetransaction information stored on the cashless instrument in 404 andstored in the cashless server database in 408.

In 416, the cashless server may check the local cashless instrumenttransaction database on the cashless server to determine if the cashlessinstrument was generated at property 5. The cashless server may checkthe local cashless instrument transaction database in a number of waysto determine whether a transaction record for the cashless instrumentresides in the database. The database search technique may depend onwhat information is stored in the local database and what information isstored on the cashless instrument. When the cashless instrument wasgenerated at a property using a different cashless system than theproperty where the cashless instrument is validated, the type and amountof cashless instrument transaction information stored on the cashlessinstrument may differ from the type and amount of cashless instrumenttransaction information stored on the local cashless instrumenttransaction instrument database. Thus, the search technique may dependon determining a common set of transaction information stored on thecashless instrument being validated and stored in the cashlessinstrument transaction database. For instance, when the cashlessinstrument contains a machine ID and the cashless instrument transactiondatabase stores a list of all the local machine IDs, the cashless server10 may search the local cashless instrument transaction database todetermine whether the cashless instrument was generated on one of thelocal machines at the property 5. As another example, when the cashlessinstrument contains transaction information on the property where thecashless instrument was generated or the owner of the cashlessinstrument (e.g. the owner of the property), the cashless server 10 mayquickly determine whether the cashless instrument was generated at thelocal property 5.

In 418, when the cashless instrument was not generated locally, thecashless server may mark the validation request pending in a localdatabase and send a request for validation to the central clearinghousein 420. The request for validation from the cashless server 10 to thecashless instrument transaction clearinghouse 136 may contain all orsome subset of the information stored on the cashless instrument beingvalidated. In addition, the request for validation may containinformation about the cashless transaction validation site. For example,the identification information about the cashless transaction validationsite 400, the property 5 where the cashless transaction validation siteis being validated and the owner of the property may be included in therequest for validation message.

As in 414, the request for validation in 420 may be an informationpacket of some type sent using a pre-determined communication protocolbetween the cashless server 10 and the central clearinghouse 136. Thecommunication protocol used to transmit transaction information betweenthe cashless transaction validation site 400 and the cashless server 10in 414 may be the same or different than the communication protocol usedto transmit the transaction information between the cashless server 10and the cashless instrument transaction clearinghouse 136 in 420.

In 422, the cashless instrument transaction clearinghouse determines theowner of the cashless instrument (e.g. the property where the cashlessinstrument was generated). The clearinghouse 136 determines the ownerbased upon information received in the validation request in 420 andbased upon information stored in the clearinghouse 136. In 424, usingrouting information stored within the clearinghouse 136, a request forvalidation is sent from the clearinghouse 136 to the property where thecashless instrument was generated (i.e. property 104 in thisembodiment). The request for validation is an information packet in acommunication protocol of some type. The transaction informationcontained within the information packet is sufficient to allow thecashless server 100 at the cashless generation site 402 at property 104to validate the cashless instrument. The communication protocol used totransmit the transaction information between the cashless server 10 andthe clearinghouse 136 in 420 may be the same or different than thecommunication protocol used to transmit the transaction informationbetween the cashless instrument transaction clearinghouse 136 and thecashless server 100 in 424. For example, the communication protocols maybe different when the cashless system used at property 5 is differentfrom the cashless system used at property 104.

In 426, the cashless server 100 checks the local cashless instrumenttransaction database to confirm the request for validation received in424 is valid. When the transaction is valid (e.g. the cashlessinstrument was generated at property 104 and has not been previouslyvalidated), in 431, an approval message may be sent from the cashlessserver 100 to the clearinghouse 136, in 432, the clearinghouse mayforward or generate the approval message to the cashless sever 10, in434, the cashless server 10 may forward or generate the approval messageto the cashless transaction validation site 400. In 428, the cashlessserver may cover the debit by allocating or transferring funds to anaccount used to cover debits. In 430, the cashless server 100 may sendan Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT) to cover the debit to theclearinghouse 136. The EFT may be sent after each transfer or may besent as a batch at the end of some time period, e.g. at the end of eachday.

In 436, the validation site 400 at property 5, performs an appropriateoperation when the validation is approved. For example, when thevalidation site 400 is a gaming machine, credits may be posted on thegaming machine. As another example, when the validation site 400 is acashier station, the player may receive a cash amount according to thevalue of the cashless instrument.

One advantage of using a cashless system with EFT is that nothingphysical has to be exchanged between the properties. When a token isissued as a credit of indicia at one property and then used at a secondproperty, the second property may allow the token to be used as creditof indicia at the second property. However, the tokens must be countedat the second property and then shipped back to the first property andcounted so that the second property may receive the amount of moneyassociated with the token. For many properties accepting tokens frommany different properties, the infrastructure associated with thecounting, sorting and shipping of tokens from one property to anothermay be quite large. This type of infrastructure may reduced oreliminated using the cashless instrument transaction clearinghouse withEFT between various properties connected to the clearinghouse.

Besides cashless instrument validations for payout, in anotherembodiment, the cashless validation processes described above using thecashless instrument transaction clearinghouse may be used to runpromotions or complimentary promotions across multiple properties. Forexample, a promotion could be targeted for a specific type of gamingmachine or game theme whereby the player would receive a cashlessinstrument such as a bar coded ticket from the gaming machine duringgame play. This bar coded ticket could be redeemed at any of theparticipating properties linked by the cashless instrument transactionclearinghouse. The bar coded ticket may be redeemed for merchandise orgame play credit—whichever is defined as the promotion and printed onthe ticket. Further, the ticket may be generated by the gaming machineto entice the player to redeem the ticket at a specific propertyconnected to the cashless instrument transaction clearinghouse. Asdescribed above, ticket validation is performed at the gaming propertyto verify that the ticket is a valid promotional or complimentaryticket. Rather then being limited to a single property, the cashlessinstrument transaction clearinghouse manages the promotions across theproperties and maintains a centralized database containing the promotiontheme parameters and the statistics once the game has begun.

In another embodiment, the cashless validation processes described aboveusing the cashless instrument transaction clearinghouse may be used torun multiple progressive games associated with the generation orvalidation cashless instruments at the gaming machine, each of which ismanaged and controlled by cashless instrument transaction clearinghouse.These new types of progressive games are associated with either theredemption/validation of a cashless instrument or the generation of acashless instrument upon cashout. At the time a cashless instrument isinserted into a gaming machine for validation by the system, an eventgets transmitted to the cashless instrument transaction clearinghousewhereby the player validating the ticket or other cashless instrumenthas a chance to win a jackpot. A player may also win a jackpot when acashless instrument is generated. These jackpot events may beincorporated as part of the cashless instrument generation andvalidation process as described above with reference to FIG. 4 and asdescribed below with reference to FIGS. 5, 6 and 7.

Similar to a lotto game where a sequence of numbers is used to match acentral sequence of numbers in an attempt to win the lotto grand prize,the cashless instrument transaction clearinghouse randomly selects asequence of numbers which is compared to the transaction validationnumber stored on the cashless instrument. When these two sequence ofnumbers match, the player wins the central jackpot and is notified ofthe win at the gaming machine or the cashless transaction validationsite where the cashless instrument is being redeemed. Notification tothe player may be made in a number of ways including 1) on the gamingmachine's video screen 2) by generating a ticket or other cashlessinstrument at the gaming machine or other cashless transactionvalidation site indicating the player has won the jackpot.

The jackpot can be funded in many different ways including, but notlimited to: 1) a small percentage of each ticket is held by cashlessinstrument transaction clearinghouse, e.g. 5 cents of each ticketinserted or cashed out is paid to the cashless instrument transactionclearinghouse for a chance to win the progressive jackpot, 2) eachproperty connected to the cashless instrument transaction clearinghousepays a small amount (cents) into the progressive jackpot each time theplayer cashes out or redeems a ticket. In addition, the player may havethe option at the gaming machine to play for the progressive jackpotupon cashless instrument generation and cashless instrument validation.Thus, the player may chose to commit a small percentage of the cashlessinstrument towards winning the jackpot which funds the jackpot.

In general, there may be more then one such progressive jackpot managedby the cashless instrument transaction clearinghouse. With multipleprogressive jackpots managed by the clearinghouse, each property mayhave a small progressive for matching a few numbers in addition to alarger progressive across all properties when all numbers on the ticketare matched. The multiple progressive jackpots may provide more chancesfor a player to win a jackpot. In addition progressive jackpots mayencourage the use of cashless instruments by the game player which asmentioned above many operational advantages to the properties usingcashless systems.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart depicting a method of validating a cashlessinstrument transaction at a cashless instrument transactionclearinghouse. One context of the method of validating the cashlessinstrument transaction at the cashless instrument transactionclearinghouse is described with respect to FIG. 4. In 500, a request fora cashless instrument transaction validation is received at theclearinghouse 500 from a cashless server. In 502, using informationreceived in the transaction validation request, the clearinghousedetermines the transaction owner described in the transaction validationrequest. In 504, the clearinghouse may determine the validity of thetransaction. A transaction may be invalid for a number of reasonsincluding 1) the transaction owner is unknown, 2) the transaction ispending and 3) the transaction has previously been validated. In 506,when the transaction is not valid, a transaction validation replycontaining a Non-Acknowledgement (NACK) is sent to the transactionrequester of the transaction validation request. The NACK indicates tothe transaction requester that the transaction can not be validated atthe present time.

In 508, a validation request for the transaction is sent to the cashlessserver which is the cashless instrument transaction owner determined in502. In 510, when a validation reply to the validation request is notreceived by the clearinghouse from the cashless instrument transactionowner, in 506, a transaction validation reply with a NACK is sent to thetransaction validation requester. In 512, when a validation reply isreceived from the cashless instrument transaction owner, theclearinghouse determines whether the validation transaction has beenapproved or rejected by the cashless instrument transaction owner. Atransaction may be rejected for a number of reasons including 1) thecashless instrument has already been validated (e.g. paid), 2) a recordof the cashless instrument can not be found and 3) a cashless instrumentwith transaction information matching the validation request iscurrently pending. In step 506, when a transaction is rejected, atransaction validation reply with a NACK may be sent to the transactionvalidation requester.

In 514, when the transaction has been approved by the cashlessinstrument transaction owner, data associated with the transaction isstored in the clearinghouse database and the transaction is markedpending. While the transaction is pending, the clearinghouse may reject(i.e. 506) validation requests for cashless instruments with transactioninformation identical to the pending transaction validation request.This operation may be implemented to prevent fraud. In 516, atransaction validation reply with information indicating the requestedtransaction has been validated is sent from the clearinghouse totransaction validation requester which may be a cashless server. In 518,when the payment of the transaction by the transaction validationrequester is not acknowledged in a message of some type, a messagecontaining a NACK may be sent to cashless instrument transaction ownerin 520. In 522, when the payment by the transaction validation requesteris acknowledged, the state of the transaction is changed from pending topaid and a message may be sent to the owner of the transactionindicating the transaction has been paid. Transaction information storedby the clearinghouse may be used to insure an EFT is made from cashlessinstrument transaction owner to the cashless instrument transactionvalidator.

FIG. 6 is a flow chart depicting a method of validating a non-locallyowned cashless instrument at a cashless transaction validation sitelocal to the cashless server. One context of the method of validatingthe non-local cashless instrument transaction at the cashless server isdescribed with respect to FIG. 4. In 600, the cashless server receives acashless instrument validation request from a cashless transactionvalidation site. In 602, the cashless server determines the owner of thecashless instrument. When the cashless instrument is locally owned,e.g., the cashless instrument is being validated at the same propertywhere the cashless instrument was generated, a local transactionvalidation process is used in step 604. One example of a localtransaction validation process with respect to a cashless system wasdescribed with reference to the EZ pay system in FIG. 1.

In 606, when the cashless instrument transaction owner is non-local, thetransaction is marked pending in the cashless server database. In 608, atransaction validation request message containing the cashlessinstrument transaction information needed to validate the cashlessinstrument validation request is generated and sent to the cashlessinstrument transaction clearinghouse. In 610, when a transactionvalidation reply is not received from the clearinghouse, in 614, thetransaction validation request is removed from the queue of pendingtransaction validation requests, a message containing a transactionrejection is generated and the message rejecting the transaction is sentto the transaction validation site. When a transaction validation replyis received from the clearinghouse, the transaction validation replytypically will contain information regarding whether the requestedtransaction has been approved or rejected. In 612, when the transactionis rejected, in 614, the transaction validation request is removed fromthe queue of pending transaction validation requests, a messagecontaining a transaction rejection is generated and the messagerejecting the transaction is sent to the transaction validation site.

In 616, when the transaction validation reply approving the transactionvalidation request is received by the cashless server from theclearinghouse, a transaction approval message may be sent to thecashless transaction validation site that requested the transactionvalidation in 600. When the execution of the transaction is notacknowledged by the cashless transaction validation site, in 624, thecashless server sends a message to the clearinghouse indicating thetransaction has been cancelled and removes the transaction from itsqueue of pending transactions. In 618, the payment may not beacknowledged for a number of reasons including 1) a communicationfailure between the cashless transaction validation site and thecashless server, 2) an equipment failure and 3) an operator of thecashless transaction validation site rejects the transaction for somereason. In 620, when the cashless server has received an acknowledgementmessage from the cashless transaction validation site indicating thecashless instrument transaction has been completed, the state of thetransaction is changed from pending to completed (e.g. paid) andinformation regarding the cashless instrument transaction is stored. In622, an acknowledgement message indicating the transaction has beencompleted may be sent to the clearinghouse.

FIG. 7 is a flow chart depicting a method of validating a cashlessinstrument at a cashless transaction validation site non-local to thecashless server containing a record of the cashless instrument. Onecontext of the method of validating a cashless instrument at a cashlesstransaction validation site non-local to the cashless server containinga record of the cashless instrument is described with respect to FIG. 4.In 700, the cashless server containing the record of the cashlessinstrument receives a transaction validation request from the cashlessinstrument transaction clearinghouse. The transaction validation requestfrom the cashless instrument transaction clearinghouse is an informationpacket that may contain the information needed for the cashless serverto validate the transaction.

In 702, using the information contained in the information packet, thecashless server determines whether the transaction has been stored in adatabase accessible to the cashless server. In 706, when the transactiondoes not reside in the local database, a non-acknowledgement messageindicating the transaction has been rejected is sent to theclearinghouse. In 704, when the transaction resides in the databaseaccessible to the cashless server, the cashless server rejects orapproves the transaction. The cashless server may reject a transactionfor a number of reasons including 1) the transaction has already beenpaid and 2) the transaction has been marked pending. When thetransaction is rejected, a non-acknowledgement message indicating thetransaction has been rejected is sent to the clearinghouse.

In 708, when the transaction has been approved, the cashless servermarks the transaction pending in the local database. In 710, thecashless server generates and sends a message to the centralclearinghouse where information contained in the message indicates thetransaction has been approved. In 712, the cashless server determineswhether the payment has been acknowledged. The cashless server mayreceive an acknowledgement of payment via an acknowledgement messagesent by the cashless instrument transaction clearinghouse. Typically,the cashless server may expect an acknowledgement during a fixed periodof time. In 714, when the payment of the transaction is not acknowledgedby the clearinghouse, the cashless server may remove the pending statusof the transaction and send a message to the clearinghouse indicatingthe transaction is no longer approved.

In 716, when the transaction is approved, the cashless server changesthe state of the transaction to paid and stores the transaction data. In718, as described with reference to FIG. 4, the cashless server coversthe debit. In 720, the cashless server may send an EFT to cover thedebit, represented by the paid transaction, to the cashless instrumenttransaction clearinghouse.

FIG. 8 is a screen shot of a transaction analysis graphical userinterface used to analyze cashless instrument transactions that havebeen processed by a cashless instrument transaction clearinghouse. Thetransaction analysis graphical user interface (GUI) may providestatistical monitoring for multiple properties connected to the cashlessinstrument central clearinghouse. With transaction analysis GUI, a usermay be able to tract many types of transactions passing through theclearinghouse including 1) transactions relating bar-coded tickets,debit cards and smart cards for cashouts and 2) transactions relating toon-going promotions and compensations (comps) distributed to players.The screen shot is divided into three graphical windows 800, 810 and818. Each window may contain different visual presentations of dataincluding but not limited to 1) tickets generated, 2) tickets redeemed,3) flow of tickets from generation to redemption, 4) length of time aticket is held by a customer, 5) comparison between properties of allticket statistical data, 6) tickets generated over time by machine, and7) tickets redeemed overt time by machine (e.g. gaming machine, cashierstation, etc.)

In window 800, a breakdown of ticket data for two product lines,including 801 and 802, is plotted for four different properties 804named North, South, East and West. As mentioned above, access to thisinformation may be limited according to ownership of the properties. Inwindow 818, the numerical values of the data for each property that aregraphed in window 800 are displayed as raw data. In window 810, theamount of cashless redemption's for four different gaming machines,including 814, are plotted. The cashless redemption's are broken downaccording to two different product lines 806 and 808. The values ofthese product lines were plotted according to property in window 800.

The type of data displayed, the format of the data displayed and theformat of the transaction analysis GUI may be easily changed by usingthe pull downs menus 812 to alternate between graphical displays. Ingeneral, all of the statistical information is displayed as raw data, astwo dimensional graphs and as three dimensional contour types of graphsrepresentative of ticket transactions or game play. Basic featuresutilized in the graphical presentation include: titles, X and Y axesscales, data point plotting, shading, horizontal and vertical gridlines, informational messages and data line differentiation.

An advantage of providing a multidimensional view of providing amultidimensional view of multiple property ticket, machine and playerrelated data is that it provides a solid foundation for analyticalprocessing through flexible access to the information of interest to anentertainment corporation operating a number of properties. Operatorscan visually analyze data across any dimension, at many levels ofaggregation, with equal functionality and easy access. The graphicaltools provided by the cashless instrument transaction clearinghouseprovide views of data in a natural and responsive fashion which isintended to insulate users from complex database query syntax.

In the present invention, methods are described for authenticating andprotecting cashless transaction information sent between a cashlessgaming device at a gaming property and a cashless instrument transactionclearinghouse. In general, authentication methods are used by a receiverof a communication of a message to validate an identity of a sender ofmessage. For cashless transactions that may involve that electronictransfer of funds, authentication is important for preventing fraud andtheft. The protection methods, which typically involve encryption of thecashless transaction information, are also used for preventing fraud andtheft.

In particular embodiments of the present invention, securityarchitectures are used that provide methods of authenticating a messagesender and protecting cashless transaction information in a message viaencryption. The security architectures may employ both asymmetric andsymmetric encryption techniques. The security architectures in thepresent invention are described for illustrative purposes only and thepresent invention is not limited to only the encryption schemesdescribed herein. For instance, in the present invention, asymmetric andsymmetric encryption schemes are both used. In some embodiments of thepresent invention, only asymmetric or only symmetric encryption may beused. As another example, a combination of encryption schemes, in asecurity architecture, are used to authenticate the message sender. Inother embodiments of the present invention, other combinations ofencryption schemes and additional/different authentication techniques(ANY QUICK EXAMPLES YOU CAN THINK OF?) may be used to validate anidentity of a message sender.

As described above, the encryption architectures may employ asymmetricand symmetric encryption techniques. In symmetric encryption, twoparties share a common encryption key that is used to encrypt to encryptand to decrypt information. To maintain security, the symmetric key mustremain a secret shared only be the two parties using the key.

In an asymmetric encryption scheme, a public-private encryption key pairis generated. Information encrypted with the private encryption key maybe decrypted only using the corresponding public encryption key of thepublic-private encryption key pair and information encrypted with thepublic encryption key may be decrypted only using the private encryptionkey of the public-private encryption key pair. Thus, an entity with aprivate encryption key of public-private encryption key pair may giveits public encryption key to many other entities. The public key may bemade available (via an Internet server, e-mail, or some other means) towhoever needs or wants it. The private key, on the other hand, is keptsecret. Only the owner of the key pair is allowed to possess the privatekey. The other entities may use the public encryption key to encryptdata. However, as long as the private encryption key remains private,only the entity with the private encryption key can decrypt informationencrypted with the public encryption key.

A private key of a public-private key pair may also be used to sign amessage. The signature may be used for authenticating the message. Whenthe private key is used to sign a message, then the public key must beused to validate the signature. For example, to send someone a digitallysigned message, the message is signed with a private key, and thereceiver of the message may verify the signature by using the public keycorresponding to the private key.

In general, public-key algorithms are very slow and it is impractical touse them to encrypt large amounts of data. In practice, symmetricalgorithms are used for encryption/decryption of large amounts of data,while the public-key algorithms are used merely to encrypt the symmetrickeys. Similarly, it is not usually practical to use public-key signaturealgorithms to sign large messages. Instead, a hash may be made of themessage and the hash value may be signed.

FIG. 9 is an interaction diagram depicting a method of generating securecommunications between a cashless instrument clearinghouse 136 and oneor more cashless gaming devices (e.g. cashless server 10 and cashlessserver 100) for one security architecture of the present invention. In900, a secure transaction network is initialized. The initialization ofthe secure transaction network may involve the exchanging of encryptionkeys between the cashless instrument transaction clearinghouse 136 and aplurality of cashless gaming devices, such as cashless server 10 andcashless server 100, located at different gaming properties that processcashless gaming transactions.

As an example of initializing a secure cashless instrument transactionnetwork, in 902 and 904, the clearinghouse issues a clearinghouse publicencryption key to each of the cashless servers 10 and 100. The publickey is stored on the servers and may be used to encrypt information.Details of this method are described with respect to FIG. 10. Thismethod may be repeated for a plurality of cashless gaming devices, suchas gaming machines, cashless servers, clerk validation terminals andhand-held computing devices, that may be used to process cashlessinstrument transactions. In 908 and 910, gaming devices that communicateencrypted information with the clearinghouse 136 may each issue acashless gaming device public encryption key of a public-privateencryption key pair to the clearinghouse 136. Details of this method aredescribed with respect to FIG. 11. The public keys may be stored in amemory device on the clearinghouse and may be used to encryptinformation sent from the clearinghouse 136 to the cashless gamingdevices such as the cashless server 10 and the cashless server 100.

In 901, the encryption keys may be used to allow secure transaction viaa network connecting the cashless gaming devices, such as the cashlessservers, and the clearinghouse 136. The network connecting the cashlessgaming devices and the clearinghouse 136 may be a local area network, awide area network, a private intranet, the Internet and combinationsthereof. Additional details of the network topology are described inco-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 09/732,650, filed Dec. 7, 2000, byNguyen, entitled “Secured Virtual Network in a Gaming Machine,” which isincorporated herein in its entirety and for all purposes.

As described above, a cashless gaming device at a first gaming propertymay communicate via the clearinghouse 136 with a second gaming propertyto validate at the first property a cashless instrument generated at thesecond property. Using the security architecture of the presentinvention to perform this cashless transaction, in 911, a cashlessgaming device at the first property, such as the cashless server 10, maygenerate and encrypt a transaction message addressed to a cashlessgaming device, such as 100, at the second property. In 912, theencrypted message may be sent to the clearinghouse 136. In 914, theclearinghouse 914 may decrypt and encrypt the transaction message andoperate on the transaction information in the message or theclearinghouse 136 may simply route the message to its address. In 916,the clearinghouse sends the transaction to its address which is thecashless server 100. In 918, the cashless server receives thetransaction message and decrypts it. Later, the cashless server 100 mayreply to the message. Details of the security architecture used for theencryption and decryption are described with respect to FIGS. 12A and12B.

In FIGS. 10, 11, 12A and 12B, methods, separate from the securityarchitecture may be used to guarantee data integrity within the messageas a result of transmission errors. For example, a common algorithm is aCRC-32 hash. When a TCP/IP protocol is used to transmit information,data integrity is built into the TCP/IP protocol. The present inventionmay be used with a TCP/IP or other common communication protocols.General details of the TCP/IP protocol and methods for providing dataintegrity are described in the texts “Mobile IP Unplugged” by J.Solomon, Prentice Hall and the text “Computer Networks”, A. S.Tanenbaum, Prentice Hall. Both of these references are incorporatedherein by reference in their entireties and for all purposes.

In one embodiment of the present invention, a security architecture isdeveloped such that all participants that communicate with theclearinghouse know the correct public key for the clearinghouse serverand all communications are routed through the clearinghouse server.Several security attacks are possible when any single participant use a“rogue's” public key. A rogue may be an entity pretending to be theclearinghouse. Therefore, the distribution of the clearinghouse's publickey may be done using a certain amount of manual intervention.

The manual intervention may include distribution of the public key usinga voice telephone conversation, a fax message, the physical delivery ofa floppy (or other removable) disk, use of a password-protected website,using a certificate server of some kind, etc. In most cases, a humanbeing may be overseeing the distribution of the correct public key tothe participants such as when a voice telephone conversation is used.Once it is established that a participant has the correct clearinghousepublic key, automated communications may begin. The participant, whichmay be a cashless gaming device can generate its own public-private keypair. Using the clearinghouse's public key, the participant may send theclearinghouse its new public key. The clearinghouse will store this keyand all further communications with that participant will use that key.While the key sent to the clearinghouse is not considered “private” perse, it will not be distributed to all of the other participants. Thiswill assure that all transactions must be routed through theclearinghouse in order to be considered authentic.

FIG. 10 is an interaction diagram depicting a method of issuing aclearinghouse public encryption key in a public-private encryption keypair to a cashless gaming device at a gaming property. For a variety ofreasons, it is important for the clearinghouse participant 1000, whichmay be a cashless gaming device located at a gaming property, to ensurethat the clearinghouse public key is authentic. Many of these reasonspertain to assuring that a rogue clearinghouse clone is not interceptingand processing ticket transactions for the participant 1000. Withoutauthentic knowledge of the issuer of the clearinghouse's public key, theparticipant 1000 may be sending cashless transactions to the rogue, whomay in return be sending approvals of cashless transaction where thereshould be denials. For instance, a rogue may approve a cashlesstransaction for a cashless instrument which has previously beenvalidated.

In one method (e.g., 1002), the authentication may be accomplished withthe use of a shared password. The shared password is agreed upon by theadministrators of both the participant 1000 and the clearinghouse 136.The administrators may select and/or agree upon a password using a voicetelephone, a fax, or some other means of communication. In 1004 and1005, cashless gaming devices at the participant 1000 and theclearinghouse 136 use this password as a “seed” to generate an identicalsymmetric password, K(S1). For instance, a symmetric encryption key maybe generated by applying a hashing algorithm to the seed, such as SHAand MD5 to generate a seemingly random set of bits. Other methods may beused to generate the random bit set. The random bit set may be used withan algorithm of some type to encrypt a data set.

In 1006, the participant's system generates a message with aninformation sequence encrypted with the symmetric password, K(S1). Theinformation sequence may be a randomly generated noise sequence. In1008, the participant's system sends a request message for theclearinghouse public key that has been encrypted using this symmetricpassword and the encrypted noise sequence.

In 1010 and 1012, the clearinghouse 136 receives the message from theparticipant 1000 and responds with the clearinghouse public keyencrypted with the symmetric encryption key generated in 1005. In 1010,the clearinghouse 136 decrypts the information sequence and otherinformation contained in the message using the symmetric encryption keygenerated in 1005. In 1012, the clearinghouse 136 encrypts theclearinghouse public key and the decrypted noise sequence sent inmessage 1008 with the symmetric key, K(S1), generated in 1005. In 1014,the clearinghouse 136 sends the message with encrypted information tothe participant 1000.

In 1016, the participant 1000 receives the message from theclearinghouse and decrypts the message using the symmetric encryptionkey generated in 1004. The clearinghouse public key and the informationsequence in the message are extracted in the decryption process. If thesymmetric encryption keys generated in 1004 and 1005 are the same, thenthe information sequence generated in 1006 should be the same as theinformation sequence extracted in 1016. However, if the symmetric keysgenerated in 1004 and 1005 are different, then the information sequencegenerated in 1006 and extracted in 1016 should be different. Thus, in1018, when the Participant receives the response correctly i.e. theinformation sequence generated in 1006 is identical to the informationsequence extracted in 1016, it knows that the public key for theClearinghouse is authentic. Once this request-response action iscompleted, in 1020, the clearinghouse public key is stored and thepassword is invalidated and thrown away. The method in FIG. 10 may berepeated for each participant in communication with the clearinghouse.

FIG. 11 is an interaction diagram depicting a method of issuing acashless gaming device public encryption key in a public-privateencryption key pair from a cashless gaming device at a clearinghouseparticipant 1000 to a cashless instrument transaction clearinghouse 136.FIG. 11 describes a method used to update the clearinghouse 136 with aparticipant's 1000 new public key. For the same reasons, it is importantfor the participant to know it has an authenticated clearinghouse publickey (e.g., security from rogues as described with respect to FIG. 10),it is important for the clearinghouse 136 to know it has an authenticparticipant's public key. This may prevent a rogue participant clonefrom introducing cashless transactions that are not authenticated.

As with the scheme outlined in FIG. 10 (above), the use of a sharedpassword may be used to assure that the “real” Participant 1000 issending its public encryption key. In 1102, the password may be agreedupon by the administrators of both the Participant and theClearinghouse. These people will select and/or agree upon a passwordusing a voice telephone, a fax, or some other means of communication.Then, in 1103 and 1104, the clearinghouse 136 and the participant will“seed” their systems, i.e. cashless gaming devices, with the password togenerate a symmetric encryption key 1106.

In 1106, the cashless gaming device at the participant 1000 generates apublic-private encryption key pair, K(A_(p)) and K(A_(pp)). In 1108, thecashless gaming device encrypts its public key, K(A_(p)) with theclearinghouse public key, K(C_(p)) to generate K(C_(p))[K(A_(p))] (i.e.,the participant public key encrypted with the clearinghouse public key).In 1109, the cashless gaming device encrypts K(C_(p))[K(A_(p))] with thesymmetric encryption key, K(S1) to generate, K(S1)[K(C_(p))[K(A_(p))]](i.e., the participant public key encrypted with the clearinghousepublic key and encrypted again with the symmetric key) which isincorporated in a message. In 1110, the message withK(S1)[K(C_(p))[K(A_(p))]] is sent from the participant 1000 to theclearinghouse.

In 1112, the clearinghouse 136 receives the message from the participantand decrypts the message with the symmetric encryption generated in 1103using the password exchanged with the participant. In 1114, theclearinghouse decrypts the message again with the clearinghouse privateencryption key, K(C_(pp)) (which corresponds to the clearinghouse publicencryption key exchanged by the method described in FIG. 10), to extractthe participant public encryption key, K(A_(p)). The clearinghouse 136checks that the correct password and public encryption key has beenused. In one embodiment, a key-header may be included with theparticipant public encryption key, K(A_(p)). The header may consist ofinformation about the key such as what algorithm was used to generatethe key, a length of the key and a CRC of the key itself. If anincorrect password is used by one side or both to generate K(S1), thenthe key-header will be incomprehensible to the clearinghouse 136 and aCRC of the encryption key performed by the clearinghouse will not matchthe CRC of the key sent in the key-header. When the correct password andpublic has been used, a CRC of the key will match a CRC sent in thekey-header and the clearinghouse 136 stores the participant publicencryption key for use in future communications with the participant.

In 1116 and 1118, the clearinghouse 136 may respond with anacknowledgement message. In one embodiment of an acknowledgementmessage, the participant public encryption key, K(A_(p)), may beencrypted with the clearinghouse private encryption key, K(C_(pp)). In1118, K(A_(p)) may be encrypted again with the symmetric key, K(S1),generated in 1103. The doubly encrypted, K(A_(p)), may be included in amessage generated by the clearinghouse 136. In 1120, the message is sentfrom the clearinghouse 136 to the participant 1000.

In 1122, the participant 1000 receives the message from theclearinghouse and decrypts the message with the symmetric encryptionkey, K(S1), generated in 1104. In 1124, the message is decrypted againwith the clearinghouse public key, K(C_(pp)), to extract a participantpublic encryption key, K(A_(p)) sent by the clearinghouse 136. In 1126,the extracted participant public encryption key is compared with theparticipant public encryption key, K(A_(p)), sent to the clearinghouse136 in 1109 and generated in 1106, to authenticate the sender of theacknowledgement message is the clearinghouse 136.

In this example, if the participant 1000 receives the acknowledgementcorrectly, it is assured that the clearinghouse 136 now knows its publicencryption key, K(A_(p)). The Clearinghouse 136 also knows that thepublic encryption key of the participant 1000 was authentic. Once thisrequest-response action is completed, the password exchanged in 1102 isinvalidated and thrown away. The method, described above, may repeatedwith a plurality of participants (e.g., cashless gaming devices andtheir administrators) located at different gaming properties thatcommunicate with the clearinghouse. Further, more than one participantmay be located at each gaming property.

In FIGS. 10 and 11, a password exchanged between the clearinghouse andthe participant may only be used for only a single public encryption keyexchange. Thus, if a hacker were to deduce the password from watchingtraffic, it would then be worthless to him. If the password werere-used, the hacker may have the ability to inject traffic into theconversations between that participant 1000 and the clearinghouse 136,or to intercept traffic and replace it. Thus, the password is usedprimarily to authenticate the data being passed back and forth. It isnot necessarily used for privacy. This is acceptable because only publickeys are being communicated. By their very nature, these keys are notconsidered “secrets”.

In typical authentication schemes used today, the use of a “CertificateAuthority” guarantees the authenticity of a public key (along with othercertificate information). However, using such a scheme requires extremephysical security measures be in place to guard the private key. This isextremely costly. Therefore, the methods described in FIGS. 10 and 11allow a compromised private key to be changed without costingsignificantly in terms of dollars or manpower. For instance, when aprivate key is comprised for a participant in communication with theclearinghouse, the participant generates a new public-private encryptionkey pair and exchanges it with the clearinghouse as described withrespect to FIG. 11. However, other unaffected participants may not berequired to change their encryption keys to continue communications withthe clearinghouse. Thus, only a portion of the transaction network isreinitialized and the rest of transaction network may be unaffected.

FIGS. 12A and 12B is a flow chart depicting methods of generatingencrypted and authenticated communications between gaming properties ina cashless instrument transaction network using a cashless instrumenttransaction clearinghouse. For illustrative purposes only, FIGS. 12A and12B describes the communications between the clearinghouse and twoparticipants each located a separate gaming property. As describedabove, the clearinghouse may communicate with a plurality ofparticipants. The intent of the described communications is for firstparticipant (A) to “request” some action from a second participant (B).For instance, a cashless gaming device located at the gaming property ofthe first participant may wish to validate a cashless instrument issuedfrom a cashless gaming device located at the gaming property of secondparticipant. In this example, the “request” from the first participantis met with a “response” from the second participant. Not all messagessent from one participant to another via the clearinghouse may require aresponse.

A number of encryption keys are used in the example described in FIGS.12A and 12B. The encryption keys include: 1) K(S1), a symmetricencryption key generated by the first participant, 2) K(S2), a symmetricencryption key generated by the clearinghouse, 3) K(A_(p)) andK(A_(pp)), a public-private encryption key pair generated by the firstparticipant, 4) K(B_(p)) and K(B_(pp)), a public-private encryption keypair generated by the second participant and 5) K(C_(p)) and K(C_(pp)),a public-private encryption key pair generated by the clearinghouse. Theexample assumes that the clearinghouse has exchanged public encryptionkeys with each of the participants. The public encryption keys may havebeen exchanged using the methods described with respect to FIGS. 10 and11 or using an alternate method. For example, an alternate method ofexchanging keys may be for a trusted person or group to hand deliver thepublic encryption keys from the clearinghouse to each of theparticipants and from each of the participants to the clearinghouse.

In 1202, the first participant initiates a request to a secondparticipant by generating a random symmetric encryption key, K(S1). In1204, the first participant generates the cashless transactioninformation that is incorporated in the request message. The cashlesstransaction information may comprise information needed by the secondparticipant to perform the requested operation, information used forbook keeping or auditing purposes and information such as an address ofthe message (i.e., the address of the second participant). In 1206, thecashless transaction information is encrypted with K(S1). In 1208, K(S1)is encrypted with the clearinghouse public encryption key, K(C_(p)) andthe participant private encryption, K(A_(pp)). The order of the doubleencryption is not important as long as the receiver knows the order inwhich to decrypt the information. In 1210, the first participantgenerates a request message with the encrypted cashless transactioninformation and the encrypted symmetric encryption key and sends it tothe clearinghouse.

In 1212, the clearinghouse receives the request message from the firstparticipant. In 1214, the clearinghouse extracts K(S1) by decryptingwith the first participant public encryption key, K(A_(p)), and bydecrypting with the clearinghouse private key, K(C_(pp)). In 1216, theclearinghouse decrypts the cashless transaction information in therequest message using K(S1). The clearinghouse may store K(S1) for latercommunications with the first participant. For instance, a reply to therequest message.

In 1218, the clearinghouse may optionally operate on the cashlesstransaction information. For instance, the clearinghouse may store aportion of the information. As another example, the clearinghouse maydetermine the address of the message (i.e., the second participant) andtranslate the information into a format used by the second participant.This service may be provided when the cashless systems used by the firstparticipant and the second participant are different and communicateusing different communication protocols.

In 1220, the clearinghouse generates a random symmetric encryption key,K(S2). In 1222, the cashless transaction information is encrypted withK(S2). In 1224, K(S2) is encrypted with second participant publicencryption key, K(B_(p)), and again with the clearinghouse privateencryption key, K(C_(pp)). In 1226, the clearinghouse generates amessage with the encrypted symmetric encryption key and the encryptedcashless transaction information and sends it the second participant. Tosend the message, the clearinghouse may look up and address, such as anIP address, for the second participant.

In 1228, the second participant receives the request message from theclearinghouse. In 1230, the second participant extracts K(S2) bydecrypting with the clearinghouse public encryption key, K(C_(p)) anddecrypting with the second participant public key, K(B_(pp)). In 1232,the second participant decrypts the cashless transaction information inthe request message with K(S2). In 1234, the second participant may usethe cashless transaction information in the message to generate anappropriate response to the request message. For instance, in the caseof cashless instrument validation request, the second participant maylook up and operate on cashless transaction information for a cashlessinstrument being validated.

In 1236, the second participant may generate additional cashlesstransaction information for a response message. For instance, the secondparticipant may approve a validation request. In 1238, the secondparticipant may encrypt the cashless transaction information for theresponse message using K(S2). In 1240, the second participant mayencrypt K(S2) with the clearinghouse public encryption key, K(C_(p)) andencrypt it again with the participant private encryption key, K(B_(pp)).In 1242, the second participant may generate a response message with theencrypted symmetric encryption key and the encrypted cashlesstransaction information and send it to the clearinghouse.

In 1244, the clearinghouse receives the response message from the secondparticipant. In 1246, the clearinghouse decrypts the symmetricencryption key using the second participant public encryption key,K(B_(p)) and the clearinghouse private encryption key, K(C_(pp)). In1247, the message from the second participant is authenticated bycomparing the extracted symmetric encryption key with the symmetricencryption key sent to the second participant in the original message(see 1220). When the keys are identical, it is assumed that the secondparticipant sent the message. Other information besides the secondsymmetric key may be compared for authentication purposes. For instance,the clearinghouse may have sent a random noise sequence with the requestmessage which may be sent back in the response message and compared forauthentication purposes.

In 1248, the clearinghouse decrypts the cashless transaction informationin the response message with K(S2). In 1250, the clearinghouse mayoperate on cashless transaction information or perform operations inresponse to the cashless transaction information such as translating theinformation from one format to another format. In 1252, theclearinghouse encrypts the cashless transaction information with thesymmetric key, K(S1), received from the first participant in the requestmessage. In 1254, the clearinghouse encrypts K(S1) with the firstparticipant public encryption key, K(A_(p)) and again with theclearinghouse private encryption key, K(C_(pp)). In 1256, theclearinghouse may generate a response message with the encryptedsymmetric encryption key and the encrypted cashless transactioninformation and send it to the first participant.

In 1258, the first participant receives the response message from thesecond participant sent via the clearinghouse. In 1260, the firstparticipant extracts the symmetric encryption key, K(S1), by decryptingwith the clearinghouse public encryption key, K(C_(p)) and the firstparticipant private encryption key, K(A_(pp)). In 1262, the message fromthe second participant is authenticated by comparing the extractedsymmetric encryption key with the symmetric encryption key sent to theclearinghouse in the request message (see 1202). When the keys areidentical, it is assumed that the clearinghouse sent the message.

In 1264, the first participant decrypts the cashless transactioninformation in the message with K(S1). In 1266, the first participantmay operate on the cashless transaction information and/or perform anoperation in response to the information. For instance, the firstparticipant may validate a cashless instrument.

Multiple transactions, or a transaction that requires multiple requestsand responses, are all modeled on top of the simple “request-response”paradigm as described with respect to FIGS. 12 A and 12B. In oneembodiment, context across multiple requests is maintained by theapplication, and not by the Clearinghouse. In another, the Clearinghousehas logic that will recognize context across multiple “request-response”pairs.

For instance, if a “cashless voucher” is turned in for redemption atParticipant A, and that voucher is “owned” by Participant B, thesequence of events that may need to take place may proceed asfollows: 1) Participant “A” asks Participant “B” if it is “OK To RedeemVoucher”, 2) Participant “B” determines it IS OK, so it responds withthis information and places the voucher in a “Pending Redemption” state,3) Participant “A” decides, since the voucher is OK, that it wants toactually redeem the voucher. Participant “A” sends the “Redeem Voucher”request to Participant “B”, 4) Participant “B” sends back the “VoucherRedeemed” message to Participant “A”.

In this example, two separate but linked “request-response” packets weretransmitted through the Clearinghouse. To the Clearinghouse, these weretwo separate entities. However, to the Participants, they composed asingle transaction. The Clearinghouse may either recognize thetransaction (for logging purposes—logged as a single entity), or ignorethe transactional significance (logged as two separate, equal entities),depending on the implementation and requirements.

In the methods described with respect to FIGS. 12A and 12B, theclearinghouse mediates, and possibly translates, all transactionsbetween Participant (A) and Participant (B). There is no directcommunication between (A) and (B), and thus, no need for (A) and (B) tohave any prior knowledge of each other. The following are benefits ofthis type of scenario. First, mediation by the Clearinghouse preventseach Participant from having to know all of the other Participant'spublic keys. The Clearinghouse is the only entity that must know everyParticipant's public key. Second, the mediation by the Clearinghouseassures that each Participant must know only the neutral party's (theClearinghouse) public key, and that the authentication of that knowledgeis required with only that single party (the Clearinghouse). There needsto be no mutual authentication among the Participants of their publickeys. Third, mediation by the clearinghouse allows a neutral party (theClearinghouse) to log and store all transactions occurring between anyParticipants. This log can be used for dispute resolution. Fourth,mediation by the clearinghouse allows the middle party (theClearinghouse) to perform translations and/or transformations on thedata as a value-added feature. Translation capabilities allow eachParticipant to “talk” using a different language (protocol) ifnecessary. Fifth, mediation allows all Participants to move around thenetwork, changing addresses at will. Rather than alerting allParticipants of the change, the Participant only needs to alert theClearinghouse. The clearinghouse then can update a table or databasewith the new address. Finally, mediation allows the Participants totrust the security of only one entity—the Clearinghouse. There are nocross—Participant trust issues. It is the Clearinghouse's responsibilityto authenticate all of the Participants. For competitors using aclearinghouse, this feature may be beneficial.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail forpurposes of clarity of understanding, it will be apparent that certainchanges and modifications may be practiced within the scope of theappended claims. For instance, while the gaming machines of thisinvention have been depicted as having top box mounted on top of themain gaming machine cabinet, the use of gaming devices in accordancewith this invention is not so limited. For example, gaming machine maybe provided without a top box.

1. A cashless instrument transaction network for generating cashlesstransactions between a plurality of separate gaming properties, each ofwhich generates and validates cashless instruments, the cashlessinstrument transaction network comprising: a cashless instrumenttransaction clearinghouse, the cashless instrument transactionclearinghouse comprising: (i) a network interface allowing the cashlessinstrument transaction clearinghouse to communicate with each of theseparate gaming properties; and (ii) a processor configured or designedto (a) receive cashless instrument validation requests via the networkinterface from a first property for a cashless instrument presented atthe first property where the cashless instrument was generated at asecond property (b) send information, via the network, to the secondproperty requesting the second property to approve or reject thecashless instrument validation request; at least one cashless gamingdevice, located at each of the plurality of separate gaming properties,that communicates with cashless instrument clearinghouse; and a networkallowing communication between the cashless instrument clearinghouse andthe cashless gaming devices.
 2. The cashless transaction network ofclaim 1, wherein the cashless transaction clearinghouse furthercomprises a memory device that stores cashless gaming device publicencryption keys for each of the cashless gaming devices.
 3. The cashlesstransaction network of claim 2, wherein the processor is furtherdesigned or configured 1) to decrypt cashless transaction informationencrypted with a cashless gaming device private encryption key using acorresponding cashless gaming device public encryption key and 2) toencrypt cashless transaction information using the public encryptionkeys.
 4. The cashless transaction network of claim 1, wherein thecashless transaction clearinghouse further comprises a memory devicethat stores a clearinghouse private encryption key.
 5. The cashlesstransaction network of claim 4, wherein the processor is furtherdesigned or configured 1) to decrypt cashless transaction informationencrypted with a clearinghouse public encryption key using theclearinghouse private encryption key and 2) to encrypt cashlesstransaction information using the clearinghouse private encryption key.6. The cashless transaction network of claim 1, wherein the gamingdevices further comprise a memory device storing a clearinghouse publicencryption key and a gaming device private encryption key.
 7. Thecashless transaction network of claim 6, wherein the gaming devicesencrypts cashless transaction information using the clearinghouse publicencryption key and decrypts cashless transaction information encryptedwith a clearinghouse private key using the clearinghouse publicencryption key.
 8. The cashless transaction network of claim 6, whereinthe gaming device encrypts cashless transaction information using thegaming device private encryption key and decrypts cashless transactioninformation encrypted with a gaming device public encryption key usingthe gaming device private encryption key.
 9. The cashless transactionnetwork of claim 1, wherein the cashless gaming devices encrypt anddecrypt cashless transaction information.
 10. The cashless transactionnetwork of claim 1, wherein the processor is further designed orconfigured to encrypt and decrypt cashless transaction information. 11.The cashless transaction network of claim 1, wherein the networkcomprises a local area network, a wide area network, the Internet, aprivate intranet and combinations thereof.
 12. The cashless transactionnetwork of claim 1, wherein the cashless gaming device is selected fromthe group consisting of a gaming machine, a hand-held computing device,a clerk validation terminal and a cashless server.
 13. The cashlesstransaction network of claim 1, wherein the processor is furtherdesigned or configured to allow promotional credits issued to a cashlessinstrument at a first gaming property to be used for game play at asecond gaming property.
 14. A method in an cashless instrumenttransaction clearinghouse of communicating with a plurality of gamingproperties each of which generates and validates cashless instruments,the method comprising: sending a clearinghouse public encryption key toa cashless gaming device at each of the plurality of gaming propertieswherein the clearinghouse public encryption key is part of apublic-private encryption key pair generated at the clearinghouse;receiving a public encryption key from a gaming device at each of theplurality of gaming properties wherein each public encryption key is apart of a public-private encryption key pair generated at each property;authenticating a sender of each of the public encryption keys receivedat the clearinghouse; generating a message for each property wherein themessage includes information at least encrypted with the property'spublic encryption key and a clearinghouse private encryption pair thatis part of the public-private encryption key pair generated at theclearinghouse; and sending the message to each property wherein thecashless instrument transaction clearinghouse at least (i) receivescashless instrument validation requests from a first property for acashless instrument presented at the first property where the cashlessinstrument was generated at a second property and (ii) sends informationto a second gaming property requesting the second property to approve orreject the cashless instrument validation request.
 15. A method in ancashless instrument transaction clearinghouse of communicating with aplurality of gaming properties each of which generates and validatescashless instruments, the method comprising: receiving a first messageaddressed to a second property from a first property wherein the messageincludes encrypted cashless transaction information; authenticating anidentity of the first message sender; decrypting the encrypted cashlesstransaction information; identifying an address for the second property;encrypting the cashless transaction information for second messageaddressed to the second property; and sending the second message withthe encrypted cashless transaction information to the second property;wherein the cashless instrument transaction clearinghouse at least (i)receives cashless instrument validation requests from a first propertyfor a cashless instrument presented at the first property where thecashless instrument was generated at a second property and (ii) sendsinformation to a second gaming property requesting the second propertyto approve or reject the cashless instrument validation request.
 16. Themethod of claim 15, further comprising: operating on the cashlesstransaction information.
 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising:storing the cashless transaction information.
 18. The method of claim15, further comprising: translating the cashless transaction informationfrom a first format used by the first property to a second format usedby the second property.
 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the cashlessinformation in the first message is encrypted with a symmetricencryption key.
 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the cashlesstransaction information in the first message is encrypted using apublic-private encryption key pair.
 21. The method of claim 15, whereinthe first message includes an encrypted symmetric encryption key. 22.The method of claim 21, further comprising: decrypting the symmetricencryption key.
 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the symmetricencryption key is encrypted at the first property using a public-privateencryption key pair.
 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the symmetricencryption key is encrypted twice at the first property using a firstproperty private encryption key from a first public-private encryptionkey pair and using a clearinghouse public encryption key from a secondpublic-private encryption key pair.
 25. The method of claim 24, whereinthe symmetric encryption key is decrypted at the clearinghouse using afirst property public encryption key from the first public-privateencryption key pair and is decrypted using a clearinghouse privateencryption key from the second public-private encryption key pair. 26.The method of claim 25, wherein the cashless transaction information forthe second message is encrypted with a symmetric encryption key.
 27. Themethod of claim 15, wherein the cashless transaction information for thesecond message is encrypted using a public-private key pair.
 28. Themethod of claim 15, further comprising: generating a first symmetricencryption key; encrypting the cashless transaction information for thesecond message with the first symmetric encryption key; encrypting thefirst symmetric encryption key; and generating the second message withthe encrypted first symmetric encryption key and the encrypted cashlesstransaction information.
 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the firstsymmetric encryption key is encrypted at the clearinghouse using aclearinghouse private encryption key from a first public-privateencryption key pair and using a public encryption key from a secondpublic-private encryption key pair.
 30. The method of claim 28, furthercomprising: receiving from the second party a third message comprisingat least encrypted cashless transaction information and an encryptedsecond symmetric encryption key; decrypting the second symmetricencryption key and comparing the second symmetric encryption key to thefirst symmetric encryption key to authenticate the message sender. 31.The method of claim 15, further comprising: receiving from the secondparty a third message and authenticating the message sender.
 32. Amethod in a first cashless gaming device located at a first gamingproperty which generates and validates cashless instruments ofcommunicating instruments via a cashless instrument transactionclearinghouse with a second cashless gaming device located at a secondgaming property which generates and validates cashless, the methodcomprising: generating cashless transaction information; encrypting thecashless transaction information; and sending a first message addressedto the second gaming property with at least the cashless transactioninformation to the cashless transaction clearinghouse wherein thecashless instrument transaction clearinghouse at least (i) receivescashless instrument validation requests from a first property for acashless instrument presented at the first property where the cashlessinstrument was generated at a second property and (ii) sends informationto a second gaming property requesting the second property to approve orreject the cashless instrument validation request.
 33. The method ofclaim 32, further comprising: generating the first message.
 34. Themethod of claim 32, wherein the gaming device is selected from the groupconsisting of a gaming machine, a cashless server, a hand-held computingdevice and a clerk validation terminal.
 35. The method of claim 32,wherein the cashless transaction information is encrypted with one ormore of a symmetric encryption key, a public encryption key of apublic-private encryption key pair, a private encryption key of apublic-private encryption key pair and combinations thereof.
 36. Themethod of claim 32, further comprising: receiving a second message fromthe cashless instrument transaction clearinghouse; and authenticating asender of the second message.
 37. The method of claim 36, furthercomprising: decrypting cashless transaction information included in thesecond message.
 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the information isdecrypted with one or more of a symmetric encryption key, a publicencryption key of a public-private encryption key pair, a privateencryption key of a public-private encryption key pair and combinationsthereof.
 39. The method of claim 32, further comprising: generating asymmetric encryption key and encrypting the cashless instrumentinformation with the symmetric encryption key.
 40. The method of claim39, further comprising: encrypting the symmetric encryption key;generating a second message with the encrypted symmetric encryption keyand the encrypted cashless instrument information; and sending thesecond message to the cashless instrument transaction clearinghouse. 41.A method in a cashless gaming device of authenticating a publicencryption key from a cashless transaction instrument clearinghouse, themethod comprising: generating a symmetric encryption key using a seedshared with the clearinghouse; encrypting a first information sequencewith the symmetric encryption key; sending a first message with theencrypted first information sequence to the clearinghouse; receiving asecond message with an encrypted second information sequence andencrypted clearinghouse public encryption key from the clearinghouse;decrypting the second information sequence with the symmetric encryptionkey; and authenticating the sender of the second message using the firstinformation sequence and the second information sequence wherein thecashless instrument transaction clearinghouse at least (i) receivescashless instrument validation requests from a first gaming property fora cashless instrument presented at the first property where the cashlessinstrument was generated at a second property and (ii) sends informationto a second gaming property requesting the second property to approve orreject the cashless instrument validation request.
 42. The method ofclaim 41, further comprising: decrypting the clearinghouse publicencryption key with the symmetric encryption key and storing theclearinghouse public encryption key.
 43. The method of claim 41, furthercomprising: comparing the first information sequence to the secondinformation sequence.
 44. The method of claim 41, further comprising:receiving the seed from the clearinghouse.
 45. The method of claim 41,further comprising: generating the first message.
 46. The method ofclaim 41, further comprising: encrypting information with theclearinghouse public encryption key and sending a message with theencrypted information to the clearinghouse.
 47. The method of claim 41,wherein the first information sequence is a random noise sequence. 48.The method of claim 41, wherein the cashless instrument is selected fromthe group consisting of a smart card, a debit card, a bar-coded ticketand an EZ pay ticket voucher.
 49. The method of claim 41, wherein thefirst information sequence and the second information sequence areidentical.
 50. A method in a cashless instrument transactionclearinghouse of sending a public encryption key to a cashless gamingdevice, the method comprising: generating a symmetric encryption keyusing a seed shared with the cashless gaming device; receiving a firstmessage with an encrypted information sequence from the cashless gamingdevice; decrypting the information sequence with the symmetricencryption key; encrypting the information sequence with the symmetricencryption key; encrypting a clearinghouse public encryption key withthe symmetric encryption key; and sending a second message, with (i) theinformation sequence encrypted with symmetric encryption key and (ii)the public encrypted key encrypted with the symmetric encryption key, tothe clearinghouse; wherein the cashless instrument transactionclearinghouse at least (i) receives cashless instrument validationrequests from a first gaming property for a cashless instrumentpresented at the first property where the cashless instrument wasgenerated at a second property and (ii) sends information to a secondgaming property requesting the second property to approve or reject thecashless instrument validation request.
 51. The method of claim 50,wherein the information sequence is a random noise sequence.
 52. Themethod of claim 50, wherein the cashless instrument is selected from thegroup consisting of a smart card, a debit card, a bar-coded ticket andan EZ pay ticket voucher.
 53. The method of claim 50, furthercomprising: generating a encryption key pair including the clearinghousepublic key and a clearinghouse private key.
 54. The method of claim 50,further comprising: generating the second message.
 55. A method in acashless gaming device of sending a public encryption key to a cashlessinstrument transaction clearinghouse and authenticating the publicencryption key has been received by the clearinghouse, the methodcomprising: generating a symmetric encryption key using a seed sharedwith the clearinghouse; encrypting a cashless gaming device publicencryption key with the symmetric encryption key; encrypting thecashless gaming device public encryption key with a clearinghouse publicencryption key; sending a first message with the doubly encryptedcashless gaming device public encryption key to the clearinghouse;receiving a second message with an encrypted information sequence;decrypting the information sequence with the clearinghouse publicencryption key; decrypting the information sequence decrypted withclearinghouse public encryption key with the symmetric encryption key;and authenticating the sender of the second message using the cashlessgaming device public encryption key and the information sequence whereinthe cashless instrument transaction clearinghouse at least (i) receivescashless instrument validation requests from a first gaming property fora cashless instrument presented at the first property where the cashlessinstrument was generated at a second property and (ii) sends informationto a second gaming property requesting the second property to approve orreject the cashless instrument validation request.
 56. The method ofclaim 55, further comprising: comparing the information sequence to thecashless gaming device public encryption key.
 57. The method of claim55, wherein the information sequence and the cashless gaming devicepublic encryption key are identical.
 58. The method of claim 55, furthercomprising: generating an encryption key pair including the cashlessgaming device public key and a cashless gaming device private key. 59.The method of claim 55, further comprising: generating the firstmessage.
 60. The method of claim 55, further comprising: receiving theseed from the clearinghouse.
 61. The method of claim 55, furthercomprising: receiving the clearinghouse public encryption key from theclearinghouse.
 62. The method of claim 61, further comprising:authenticating an identity of the sender of the clearinghouse publicencryption key.
 63. A method in a cashless instrument transactionclearinghouse of receiving a public encryption key from a cashlessgaming device and authenticating an identity of the cashless gamingdevice, the method comprising: generating a symmetric encryption keyusing a seed shared with the cashless gaming device; receiving a firstmessage with an encrypted cashless gaming device public encryption keyfrom the cashless gaming device; decrypting the information sequencewith the symmetric encryption key; decrypting the cashless gaming devicepublic encryption key with the symmetric encryption key; decrypting thecashless gaming device public encryption key with a clearing houseprivate encryption key; encrypting the cashless gaming device publicencryption key with the clearinghouse public encryption key; encryptingthe cashless gaming device public encryption key encrypted with theclearinghouse public encryption key with the symmetric encryption key;and sending a second message with the doubly encrypted cashless gamingdevice public encryption key to the clearinghouse; wherein the cashlessinstrument transaction clearinghouse at least (i) receives cashlessinstrument validation requests from a first gaming property for acashless instrument presented at the first property where the cashlessinstrument was generated at a second property and (ii) sends informationto a second gaming property requesting the second property to approve orreject the cashless instrument validation request.
 64. The method ofclaim 63, further comprising: storing the cashless gaming device publicencryption key.
 65. The method of claim 63, further comprising: sendinginformation encrypted with the cashless gaming device public encryptionkey to the cashless gaming device.